Public Protector

Last updated

Office of the Public Protector (OPP)
Public Protector logo.svg
National Institution overview
Formed1 October 1995;29 years ago (1995-10-01) [1]
Preceding National Institution
  • The Office of the Ombudsman [2]
Type Chapter nine institution
JurisdictionGovernment
Headquarters175 Lunnon Street, Hillcrest Office Park, 0083, Pretoria, South Africa
25°45′28″S28°14′26″E / 25.757869°S 28.240425°E / -25.757869; 28.240425
Annual budget R362.714 million 2021–22 [3]
National Institution executive
Parent National InstitutionNone (independent)
Key documents
  • Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 [4]
  • Public Protector Act 23 of 1994 [5]
  • Executive Members Ethics Act 82 of 1998 [6]
  • Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA) [7]
  • Electoral Commission Act 51 of 1996 [8]
  • Special Investigation Units and Special Tribunals Act 74 of 1996 [9]
Website www.pprotect.org
Map
Public Protector

The Public Protector in South Africa is one of six independent state institutions set up by the country's Constitution to support and defend democracy.

Contents

According to Section 181 [10] of the Constitution:

Public Protectors

The first person to hold the office was Selby Baqwa, appointed on the inception of the office in 1995. He was succeeded in 2002 by Lawrence Mushwana, in 2009 by Thuli Madonsela and in 2016 by Busisiwe Mkhwebane. The current Public Protector is Kholeka Gcaleka, in office since 9 June 2022 as Acting Public Protector following the suspension of Public Protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane. President Cyril Ramaphosa formally appointed Gcaleka for her seven-year term as Public Protector on 1 November 2023. [11]

The office of the Public protector has been faced with harsh criticism by parliament specifically by the majority party [12] for requesting an increase of R200m in the budget allocation for additional resources. With the justice portfolio committee chairman Mathole Motshekga [13] being critical of the budget and strategic presentation presented by Adv. Thuli Madonsela.

During the budget speech of 2015 the office of the Public Protector was allocated a total budget for 2015/16 of R 246.1 million [14] an increase of R 60 million as opposed to the increase of R 200 million initially requested, with R 15 million going to the employment of additional investigators and the retention of the 70 investigators who were previously appointed on contract.

The office of the Public Protector is required to appear before the National Assembly at least once every year. During the Adv. Thuli Madonsela's budget and strategic presentation, the advocate was requested to present progress reports before parliament on a quarterly basis. [15]

On 9 June 2022, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that he is suspending Busisiwe Mkhwebane from her duties as the Public Protector in terms of Section 194 of the Constitution which allowed for the suspension of the Public Protector while an impeachment inquiry was under way. [16] On 11 September 2023, National Assembly voted to impeach Busisiwe Mkhwebane, with 318 in support, 43 against and one abstention; her removal comes a month prior to the end of a 7-year non-renewable term. [17]

On 1 November 2023, the president appointed Kholeka Gcaleka as the 5th Public Protector in terms of Section 193. She was previously acting Public Protector since Mkhwebane was suspended in June 2022. [18]

Speakers of the Public Protector (1995–present)

No.Name
(Birth–Death)
PortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointed by
1 Selby Baqwa
(1951–)
No image.png 1 October 199530 September 2002 Nelson Mandela
2 Lawrence Mushwana
(1948–)
No image.png 1 October 200218 October 2009 Thabo Mbeki
3 Thuli Madonsela
(1962–)
Thuli Madonsela April 2014.png 19 October 200914 October 2016 Jacob Zuma
4 Busisiwe Mkhwebane
(1970–)
Busisiwe Mkhwebane Jul 2019.png 19 October 20169 June 2022 (suspended)

11 September 2023 (impeached)

Jacob Zuma
5 Kholeka Gcaleka
(1982–)
1 November 2023

(Previously, acting since 9 June 2022)

Incumbent Cyril Ramaphosa

Organisational structure

The Public Protector has an executive office which administers three major programmes: [19]

Mandate

The Public Protector receives its mandate from the Public Protector Act of 1994. The Public Protector is one of six State Institutions Supporting Democracy in South Africa. These institutions are independent of the government, subject only to South Africa's Constitution and the law, and report annually to Parliament.

The preamble of the Public Protector Act states, in part:

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ... provides for the establishment of the office of Public Protector to investigate matters and to protect the public against matters such as maladministration in connection with the affairs of government, improper conduct by a person performing a public function, improper acts with respect to public money, improper or unlawful enrichment of a person performing a public function and an act or omission by a person performing a public function resulting in improper prejudice to another person.

The Act also gives the Public Protector the authority to order other state institutions to take appropriate remedial action against any impropriety or prejudice made by government.

Any aggrieved complainant may lodge a complaint to the office provided that it falls within powers of the Public Protector in terms of the Public Protector act 23 of 1994. The Public Protector may investigate and take the appropriate remedial action on his/her findings.

History

The Public Protector is one of six State Institutions Supporting Democracy in South Africa. These institutions are independent of the government, subject only to South Africa's Constitution and the law, and report annually to Parliament.

Functions of the Public Protector

The powers of the Public Protector are regulated by the national legislation. Additional powers may also be granted by the national legislator. However, court decisions may not be investigated by the office. It receives and investigates complaints from the public government. Some functions include (but are not limited to):

Appointment

The Public Protector is appointed by the president, in accordance with the provisions of section 193 of the Constitution. The candidate must be a South African citizen who-

"

" – Sub-s. (1A) Act 23 of 1994

Tenure

Under chapter nine of the constitution, the Public Protector may only serve a non-renewable period of seven years in office.

Investigation Reports

Reports made by the Public Protector must be open to the public and be accessible to anyone. However certain reports may be kept confidential under exceptional circumstances. [20] The Public Protector has to date investigated at least 40 000 cases. [21]

One of the most prominent cases is the investigation into allegations of impropriety and unethical conduct relating to the installation and implementation of security measures by the Department of Public Works at and in respect of the private residence of President Jacob Zuma at Nkandla in the KwaZulu-Natal province

Jurisdiction

Any matters in which the Public Protector has jurisdiction may be reported to the office of the Public Protector by any person.

In terms of the Public Protector Act 23 of 1994 [22] and other legislative acts, the Public Protector may investigate, on the basis of a complaint or on his or her own initiative, any level of government. This includes national, provincial and local government, any public office bearer, any parastatal and any statutory council.

Relationship with other chapter nine institutions

Similar to other bodies under the Chapter nine institution under the Constitution, the office of the Public Protector is independent of government and must be impartial and must exercise their powers and perform their function without any influence or prejudice.

Budget

Currently the office of the Public Protector manages an estimate of 40,000 cases, with a staff of 314. [23] During the 2013/14 budget, the office was allocated R199.3m, with an increase of R18.3m for the 2014/15 financial year.

During the budget of 2015, the office was allocated an additional increase of R60m instead of the R200m initially requested at the justice portfolio committee. As a result, the office of the Public Protector was required to make drastic cutbacks. [24]

As a result of the funding difficulties, the spokesman of the office the Public Protector office cited that they would look at external agencies to help fund the office. The executive management of the office of the Public Protector has held meetings with development partners from German, Japan and Belgium. [25]

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References

  1. A brief history of the office Archived 29 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  2. "History of The office of the Public Protector 1995".
  3. Public Protector 2021/22 (PDF). Public Protector. 2022. p. 12. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  4. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
  5. Public Protector Act
  6. Executive Members Ethics Act
  7. Promotion of Access to Information Act
  8. Electoral Commission Act
  9. Special Investigation Units and Special Tribunals Act Archived 22 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  10. "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 9: State institutions supporting constitutional democracy". South African Government Information. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  11. "President Ramaphosa appoints Advocate Gcaleka as Public Protector | The Presidency". www.thepresidency.gov.za. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  12. http://citizen.co.za/378307/when-life-gives-you-lemons/ When life gives you lemons…
  13. http://www.biznews.com/undictated/2015/04/29/public-protectors-budget-briefing-descends-into-insults-rebukes/ Public Protector's budget briefing descends into insults & rebukes
  14. http://www.biznews.com/undictated/2015/04/29/public-protectors-budget-briefing-descends-into-insults-rebukes/ Public Protector’s budget briefing descends into insults & rebukes
  15. http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/05/18/inside-the-all-out-assault-on-thuli-madonsela Inside the all-out assault on Thuli Madonsela
  16. "Eyewitness News | EWN".
  17. Ndenze, Babalo. "Busisiwe Mkhwebane removed as Public Protector after impeachment vote". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  18. "Ramaphosa officially appoints Gcaleka as the new Public Protector". www.polity.org.za. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  19. "Strategic Plan". Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  20. "History and Background to the Office of the Public Protector". Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2015.Reporting
  21. http://ewn.co.za/2014/10/24/Is-Public-Protector-taking-on-too-many-investigations Is Public Protector taking on too many investigations
  22. "History and Background to the Office of the Public Protector". Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2015.Jurisdiction
  23. http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline Public Protector saved from insolvency with a R60 million budget lifeline
  24. http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline
  25. http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/11/27/madonsela-seeks-partners-to-help-overcome-funding-difficulties Madonsela seeks partners to help overcome funding difficulties