Qurumushi | |
---|---|
Viceroy of Georgia | |
In office 12 March 1289 –July 1318 | |
Appointed by | Arghun |
Preceded by | Alinaq |
Succeeded by | Taz |
Personal details | |
Died | July 1319 Soltaniyeh |
Parent | Alinaq |
Qurumushi or Qurmushi was an Ilkhanate commander of Keraite origin who served as Mongol viceroy of Georgia.
He was from Tongqayit clan of Keraite tribe who migrated from Mongolia accompanying Hulagu's army. His grandfather Tügür was Hulagu's scribe,member of keshig and a commander,while his great-grandfather Quyidu served Genghis Khan and Ong Khan. [1] His father Alinaq served Ahmad Tekuder as his commander-in-chief and was as well as his son-in-law. He had two brothers as well.
Qurumushi was a member of force tasked by Tekuder with severing the connection between princes Arghun and Qonqurtay in 1284. He served as a messenger to his father on 1 May 1284 when Tekuder asked Alinaq to prepare for fight against pro-Arghun forces. However,they prevailed and Alinaq was executed on 4 July 1284 by Arghun.
After his father's execution Qurumushi inherited Alinaq's domains in modern Javakheti,his mingghan and his wife Kuchuk Khatun in levirate. [2] He was tasked by Arghun with overseeing Vakhtang II of Georgia after Demetre II's execution in 1289. [3]
Qurumushi changed his sides frequently over rapid successions of Gaykhatu,Baydu and Ghazan and ended up with choosing the victorious side. Qurumushi captured Baydu in Nakhchivan,1295 after pursuing him with 4,000 strong army. After the battle,a rebellious pro-Baydu emir Tuqal fled to David VIII of Georgia in 1295. Campaign came to an end when Beka I Jaqeli captured Tuqal and handed him over to Qurumushi. [4]
Ghazan continued purging of rival princes and emirs later on and sent Qurumushi and Chupan against another Borjigid prince,Arslan who was captured by Ghazan previously and pardoned,revolted in Bilasuvar in 1296. After a series of battles near Baylaqan he too was captured and executed, [4] along with the rebellious emirs on 29 March.
Around 1299 Ghazan became suspicious of the reports that David VIII and Toqta Khan of Golden Horde were preparing for an alliance. [3] As a result,Ghazan ordered David VIII to arrive to his capital Tabriz. David refused to comply and Ghazan Khan responded with a punitive expedition under Qurumushi,Alinji and Shahinshah. Supported by the Mongols,Ossetes attacked Shida Kartli province and occupied the Liakhvi River gorge. David entrenched himself in the Mtiuleti mountains while Qurumushi installed George V as his successor.
Qurumushi was among the leading emirs in Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. He fought in Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar as the commander of the 3rd contingent in right,after Ghazan himself,Elbasmish and Chichak noyans. [5]
After Qutluqshah's death in Gilan,1307,Chupan suddenly rose to be supreme commander of Ilkhanate forces and later de facto ruler of Ilkhanate during Abu Sa'id's reign. Abu Sa'id kept him in Georgia as viceroy. [6] However,Abu Sa'id caught off-guard when both Öz Beg Khan and Yasa'ur invaded Ilkhanate in Golden Horde-Chagatai alliance,1319. Chupan summoned his subordinate emirs,including Qurumshi and caught up to Abu Sa'id and defeated the Ozbeg on the shores of Kura river. Chupan decided to punish the emirs who didn't came to the summoning. Qurumushi himself was sentenced to 100 blows by Chupan,which was insulting to him.
It was when Qurumushi started to conspire a revolt. [7] When Abu Sa'id left for his capital Qurumushi attacked his camp led by Toqmaq noyan,forced him to change sides. Chupan himself fled to his son Hasan,who aided him with 500 men. Chupan's forces were crushed by Qurumushi's 20,000 men near Lake Sevan,Chupan himself got away wounded. Later Safavid authors claimed this was due to 'miraculous intercession' of Safi al-Din Safawi. [8] Qurumushi captured Nakhchivan after the battle and started an alliance with fellow Kerait emir Irinjin. Apart being both Keraites,Qurumushi and Irinjin were both related to ilkhan Tekuder by marriage. Irinjin was already disgruntled by Chupan's dismissal of him from Anatolian viceroyalty,therefore he gladly agreed.
While Abu Sa'id was gathering his forces in Soltaniyeh,Qurumshi and Irinjin besieged Tabriz,forcing its inhabitants to pay 70,000 dinars and give them provisions. Rebels later captured Sarab,Miyaneh and Zanjan. Abu Sa'id's army were commanded by Taz,son of Kitbuqa and Mamluk renegade Qara Sonqur. The sides fought a battle on 13 July 1319 [9] in which Irinjin and Qurumushi were beaten. Qurumushi fled but captured by Khaja Badr al-Din Lu'lu' near the river Kur and sent to Soltaniyeh. The Georgian king George V of Georgia supported the Il-Khanate in helping crush Qurumshi's revolt. [10]
During trial Qurumushi said that the rebellion was in fact against Chupan and was authorized by Abu Sa'id himself who sent him two envoys - Yusuf Böke and Harza Muhammad of Suldus. Envoys confirmed Qurumushi's testimony but the ilkhan denied and ordered Chupan to execute them. Irinjin in his defence showed a yarligh given to him by the ilkhan,authorizing him to act against Chupan;a document with Abu Sa'id denied again. Qurumushi was executed on seventh day of executions with nails stuck into him and shot in the chest with arrows. His body was later burned. [9] Viceroyalty of Georgia was given to Taz,son of Kitbuqa.
He had at least two wives:
He had at least two sons,who fled to Golden Horde after their father's defeat. One of them,Abd al-Rahman became tümen commander under Oz Beg Khan. However,al-Wassaf states they were apprehended by Sutay and killed as well. [9]
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate,also known as the Ilkhanids,and known to the Mongols as HülegüUlus,was a Mongol khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü,the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan,inherited the West Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.
Ahmed Tekuder,also known as Sultan Ahmad,was the sultan of the Persian-based Ilkhanate,son of Hulegu and brother of Abaqa. He was eventually succeeded by his nephew Arghun Khan.
Arghun Khan was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate,from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan,and like his father,was a devout Buddhist. He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslim Mamluks in the Holy Land. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan. The mission to escort the young Kököchin across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by Marco Polo. Arghun died before Kököchin arrived,so she instead married Arghun's son,Ghazan.
Amir Chūpān,also spelt Choban or Coban,was a Chupanid noble of the Ilkhanate,and nominal general of the Mongol Empire. He was ennobled by Emperor Taiding of Yuan as Duke of Yi (翊國公).
Arpa Ke'un,also known as Arpa Khan or Gavon or Gawon,was an Ilkhan (1335–1336) during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate,Mongol state in Southwest Asia based in Persia.
Ala ud-Din Timurtash was a member of the Chobanids who dominated politics in the final years of the Ilkhanate.
Mahmud Ghazan was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun,grandson of Abaqa Khan and great-grandson of Hulegu Khan,continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the il khans,he is perhaps best known for converting to Islam and meeting Imam Ibn Taymiyya in 1295 when he took the throne,marking a turning point for the dominant religion of the Mongols in West Asia:Iran,Iraq,Anatolia,and the South Caucasus.
Baydu was the sixth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division in Iran. He was the son of Taraqai,who was in turn the fifth son of Hulagu Khan. He succeeded his cousin Gaykhatu as khan of the Ilkhanate state in 1295.
Demasq Kaja or Dimashq Khwāja was a member of the Chobanid family during the middle of the 14th century.
Shaikh Hasan,also known as "Hasan Buzurg",Hassan the Jalair or Hassan-e Uljatâï was the first of several de facto independent Jalayirid rulers of Iraq and central Iran.
Öljaitü,also known as Mohammad-e Khodabande,was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz,Iran. His name means 'blessed' in the Mongolian language.
Taghachar,also spelled Tajir,Ta'achar was a commander in the army of the Mongol Empire. He was one of the conspirators involved in the overthrow of three Ilkhanate khans,and placed the short-lived Baydu on the throne in 1295.
Nawrūz was a son of governor Arghun Aqa,and was a powerful Oirat emir of the 13th century who played an important role in the politics of the Mongol Ilkhanate.
Kutlushah,Kutlusha or Qutlughshah,was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end the 13th century. He was particularly active in the Christian country of Georgia and especially during the Mongol invasion of Syria,until his ignominious defeat in 1303 led to his banishment. He was killed during the conquest of Gilan in 1307.
Buqa was a Mongol lord and chancellor who was instrumental in sweeping Arghun to power as the fourth Il-Khan of Iran in 1284 and became his chief minister (vizier) and advisor,succeeding Shams ad-Din Juvayni whom Arghun had executed.
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan,also spelled Abusaid Bahador Khan,Abu Sa'id Behauder,was the ninth ruler of the Ilkhanate,a division of the Mongol Empire that encompassed the present day countries of Iran,Azerbaijan,Georgia,and Armenia,as well as parts of Iraq,Turkey,Afghanistan,and Pakistan. After his death in 1335,the Ilkhanate disintegrated.
Kurdujin Khatun was an Ilkhanid princess who ruled Kerman between 1295 and 1296,and Shiraz between 1319 and 1338.
Qonqurtai was a Mongol prince and viceroy of Anatolia for the Ilkhanate khanate.
Irinjin or Irenjin was a powerful Kerait emir in Ilkhanate and a viceroy of Anatolia.
Alinaq Noyan (–1289) was a commander of the Il-Khanate and a Commander of Georgia. He was the son-in-law of the Il-Khanid ruler Tekuder. He may have been a son of Tügür Bitigchi,a commander of Hulegu.
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(help)It will also be recalled that al-'Umari says that Chupan counted on King Giorgi as 'a remover of any unpleasantness'. As an example of this we may cite Giorgi's active role in the suppression of the revolt of the Amir Qurmishi, who was military governor in Georgia. In 1319 this personage tried to take advantage of Chupan's many commitments in order to secede from the Il-Khanian empire. King Giorgi, however, refused to countenance this and helped to crush Qurmishi. The situation was soon brought under control.