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The cosmic microwave background,or relic radiation,is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. With a standard optical telescope,the background space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark. However,a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope detects a faint background glow that is almost uniform and is not associated with any star,galaxy,or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1965 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s.
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP),originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe,was a NASA spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) –the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang. Headed by Professor Charles L. Bennett of Johns Hopkins University,the mission was developed in a joint partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University. The WMAP spacecraft was launched on 30 June 2001 from Florida. The WMAP mission succeeded the COBE space mission and was the second medium-class (MIDEX) spacecraft in the NASA Explorer program. In 2003,MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002),who had been a member of the mission's science team. After nine years of operations,WMAP was switched off in 2010,following the launch of the more advanced Planck spacecraft by European Space Agency (ESA) in 2009.
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. It was an ambitious project that aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infrared frequencies,with high sensitivity and angular resolution. The mission was highly successful and substantially improved upon observations made by the NASA Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).
Yun Wang is a poet and cosmologist. She is originally from Gaoping,a small town near Zunyi,in Guizhou Province,China.
Charles L. Bennett is an American observational astrophysicist. He is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor,the Alumni Centennial Professor of Physics and Astronomy and a Gilman Scholar at Johns Hopkins University. He is the Principal Investigator of NASA's highly successful Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).
Edward L. (Ned) Wright is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He has worked on space missions including the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE),Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE),and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) projects.
Lyman Alexander Page,Jr. is the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics at Princeton University. He is an expert in observational cosmology and one of the original co-investigators for the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) project that made precise observations of the electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang,known as cosmic microwave background radiation.
The Gruber Prize in Cosmology,established in 2000,is one of three prestigious international awards worth US$500,000 awarded by the Gruber Foundation,a non-profit organization based at Yale University in New Haven,Connecticut.
Christopher Stubbs is an experimental physicist on the faculty at Harvard University in both the Department of Physics and the Department of Astronomy. He is the Dean of Science at Harvard University and a former chair of Harvard's Department of Physics.
Sarah Louise Bridle is a Professor of Food,Climate and Society at the University of York. She previously served as Professor of extragalactic astronomy and cosmology in the Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Manchester where she applied statistical techniques to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and on the use of weak gravitational lensing in cosmology. From 2006 - 2015 she co-led weak lensing efforts with the Dark Energy Survey (DES),was co-lead of the Euclid weak lensing working group and was Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) UK Project Scientist from 2013 to 2017.
Licia Verde is an Italian cosmologist and theoretical physicist and currently ICREA Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Barcelona. Her research interests include large-scale structure,dark matter,dark energy,inflation and the cosmic microwave background.
Rachel Mandelbaum is a professor of astrophysics at Carnegie Mellon University,studying cosmology and galactic evolution with a focus on dark matter and dark energy. Much of her work has used the phenomenon of gravitational lensing of galaxies and she has made significant improvements in the calibration of lensing parameters.
Michele Limon is an Italian research scientist at the University of Pennsylvania. Limon studied physics at the Universitàdegli Studi di Milano in Milan,Italy and completed his post-doctoral work at the University of California,Berkeley. He has been conducting research for more than 30 years and has experience in the design of ground,balloon and space-based instrumentation. His academic specialties include Astrophysics,Cosmology,Instrumentation Development,and Cryogenics.
Risa H. Wechsler is an American cosmological physicist,Professor of Physics at Stanford University,and Professor of Particle Physics and Astrophysics at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. She is the director of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology.
Hiranya Vajramani Peiris is a British astrophysicist at the University of Cambridge,where she holds the Professorship of Astrophysics (1909). She is best known for her work on the cosmic microwave background radiation,and interdisciplinary links between cosmology and high-energy physics. She was one of 27 scientists who received the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2018 for their "detailed maps of the early universe".
Joanna Dunkley is a British astrophysicist and Professor of Physics at Princeton University. She works on the origin of the Universe and the Cosmic microwave background (CMB) using the Atacama Cosmology Telescope,the Simons Observatory and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).
Renée Hložek is a South African cosmologist,Professor of Astronomy &Astrophysics at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &Astrophysics at the University of Toronto,and an Azrieli Global Scholar within the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. She studies the cosmic microwave background,Type Ia supernova and baryon acoustic oscillations. She was named a Sloan Research Fellow in 2020,and received the Rutherford Memorial Medal from the Royal Society of Canada. Hložek identifies as bisexual.
Norman C. Jarosik is a US astrophysicist. He has worked on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) whose observations of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) have provided significant insights into cosmology.
Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki is a theoretical physicist,cosmologist and professor at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is known for his contributions to the studies of cosmic acceleration and dark energy,gravitational lensing,and testing alternatives to general relativity;as well as his authorship of Testing General Relativity in Cosmology,a review article published in Living Reviews in Relativity. He was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2021 and as a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) with the quote:"For distinguished contributions to the field of theoretical cosmology,particularly for testing modifications to general relativity at cosmological scales,and for sustained excellence in teaching and mentoring of students."
Erminia Calabrese, FLSW,is a Professor of Astronomy and the Director of Research at Cardiff University School of Physics and Astronomy. She works in observational cosmology using the cosmic microwave background radiation to understand the origins and evolution of the universe. In 2024 she became a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales,and in 2022 she was awarded the Institute of Physics Fred Hoyle medal and the Learned Society of Wales Dillwyn medal.
References
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- ↑ "Department of Astronomy Cornell University". The Department of Astronomy. 28 April 2020.
- 1 2 "Rachel Esther Bean Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). National Science Foundation. 28 April 2020.
- ↑ Fleischman, Tom (July 12, 2023). "A&S dean Jayawardhana named provost at Johns Hopkins | Cornell Chronicle". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ↑ "Obama White House Archives". The White House President Barack Obama. 11 May 2010.
- ↑ "Gruber Cosmology Prize Citation". Gruber Foundation. 28 April 2020.
- ↑ "Fellows". aps.org. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
- ↑ Friedlander, Blaine (6 December 2017). "Astronomer shares $3M physics Breakthrough Prize". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 28 April 2020.