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The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Not outlined in any constitutional document,the office exists only per long-established convention. Under the Westminster system,the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority of the elected House of Commons;as such,the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch's representative,the governor general,and,as first minister,selects other ministers to form the Cabinet and chairs it. Constitutionally,executive authority is vested in the monarch,but,in practice,the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the advice of the Cabinet,which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and styled as the Right Honourable,a privilege maintained for life.
The governor general of Canada is the federal representative of the Canadian monarch,currently King Charles III. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom. The monarch,on the advice of his or her Canadian prime minister,appoints a governor general to administer the government of Canada in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though,five years is the usual length of time. Since 1959,it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is Mary Simon,who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec,Simon is the first Indigenous person to hold the office.
The history of Madagascar is distinguished clearly by the early isolation of the landmass from the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea,containing amongst others the African continent and the Indian subcontinent,and by the island's late colonization by human settlers from the Sunda islands and from East Africa. These two factors facilitated the evolution and survival of thousands of endemic plant and animal species,some of which have gone extinct or are currently threatened with extinction. Trade in the Indian Ocean at the time of first colonization of Madagascar was dominated by Indonesian ships,probably of Borobudur ship and K'un-lun po types.
Governor-general,or governor general,is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies,governors-general are appointed as viceroy to represent the monarch of a personal union in any sovereign state over which the monarch does not normally reign in person. Governors-general have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic,such as Japan in Korea and Taiwan and France in Indochina.
Rasoherina was Queen of Madagascar from 1863 to 1868,succeeding her husband Radama II following his presumed assassination.
Ranavalona II was Queen of Madagascar from 1868 to 1883,succeeding Queen Rasoherina,her first cousin. She is best remembered for Christianizing the royal court during her reign.
Ranavalona III was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar. She ruled from 30 July 1883 to 28 February 1897 in a reign marked by ultimately futile efforts to resist the colonial designs of the government of France. As a young woman,she was selected from among several Andriana qualified to succeed Queen Ranavalona II upon her death. Like both preceding queens,Ranavalona entered a political marriage with a member of the Hova elite named Rainilaiarivony,who largely oversaw the day-to-day governance of the kingdom and managed its foreign affairs in his role as prime minister. Ranavalona tried to stave off colonization by strengthening trade and diplomatic relations with foreign powers throughout her reign,but French attacks on coastal port towns and an assault on the capital city of Antananarivo led to the capture of the royal palace in 1895,ending the sovereignty and political autonomy of the centuries-old kingdom.
The King's Privy Council for Canada,sometimes called His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council (PC),is the full group of personal consultants to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs. Practically,the tenets of responsible government require the sovereign or his viceroy,the governor general of Canada,to almost always follow only that advice tendered by the Cabinet:a committee within the Privy Council composed usually of elected members of Parliament. Those summoned to the KPC are appointed for life by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister of Canada,meaning that the group is composed predominantly of former Cabinet ministers,with some others having been inducted as an honorary gesture. Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters,as well as various signifiers of precedence.
The monarchy of Australia is a key component of Australia's form of government,embodied by the Australian sovereign and head of state. The Australian monarchy is a constitutional one,modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary government,while incorporating features unique to the constitution of Australia.
The Malagasy Protectorate was a French protectorate in what is now Madagascar. Through the protectorate,France attempted to control the foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Imerina through its representative at Antananarivo. France declared the island a protectorate in 1882 after reaching an agreement with Britain,which had been the first European power to establish a lasting influence and presence on the island that dated back to the arrival of London Missionary Society missionaries around 1820;Britain agreed to sanction French claims to Madagascar in exchange for French recognition of its claims to Zanzibar. The French justified the establishment of a protectorate on the basis of land claims over outlying islands like Nosy Be and Nosy Boraha and a treaty signed with a local leader of the western coastal Sakalava people. It was further justified through documents signed by King Radama II,including a letter he was possibly tricked into signing that entreated Napoleon III to support a coup d'état against Ranavalona I,and land ownership agreements with French industrialist Joseph-François Lambert that were revoked upon Radama's assassination in 1863. It ended in 1897 as Madagascar became a French colony.
Rainilaiarivony was a Malagasy politician who served as the prime minister of Madagascar from 1864 to 1895,succeeding his older brother Rainivoninahitriniony,who had held the post for thirteen years. His career mirrored that of his father Rainiharo,a renowned military man who became prime minister during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I.
The Franco-Hova Wars,also known as the Franco-Malagasy Wars,were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom,and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony. The term "Hova" referred to a social class within the Merina class structure.
Rainivoninahitriniony (1824–1868),was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Madagascar between 1852 and 1864. He was the chief engineer of the Aristocratic Revolution initialized upon the attempted assassination of King Radama II. His excesses and participation in the regicide saw him fall from favor,ultimately being relieved of his position and replaced as Prime Minister by his younger brother Rainilaiarivony. Rainivoninahitriniony died in exile on May 5,1868,shortly after an attempted coup meant to enable him to regain his position upon the death of Queen Rasoherina ended in failure.
The Second Madagascar expedition was a French military intervention which took place in 1894–95,sealing the conquest of the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar by France. It was the last phase of the Franco-Hova War and followed the First Madagascar expedition of 1883–85.
The First Madagascar expedition was the beginning of the Franco-Hova War and consisted of a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar in 1883. It was followed by the Second Madagascar expedition in 1895.
The Menalamba rebellion was an uprising in Madagascar by the Sakalava people that emerged in central Madagascar in response to the French capture of the royal palace in the capital city of Antananarivo in September 1895. it spread rapidly in 1896,threatening the capital,but French forces were successful in securing the surrender of many rebel groups in 1897. Elements of the rebellion continued sporadically until 1903.
Christianity in Madagascar is practiced by 85.3% of Madagascar's population according to the Pew Research Center in 2020. However,other surveys put the figure at 58%. Malagasy Christianity is generally practised in syncretic form with traditional religious practices.
Vy Vato Sakelika was a nationalist secret society formed in Madagascar in 1913 by HovaMerina elites to inspire rebellion against French colonial rule on the island.
References
- ↑ Chapus, G.S.; Mondain, G. (1953). Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony (in French). Paris: Editions Diloutremer.
| Merina Kingdom (c. 1540–1897) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| French Madagascar (1897–1958) |
| |
| Malagasy Republic (1958–75) |
| |
| Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–92) |
| |
| Third Republic of Madagascar (1992–2010) | ||
| High Transitional Authority (2009–2014) | ||
| Fourth Republic of Madagascar (2014–present) | ||
* Acting | ||
