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Radama II was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar,which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule,although brief,was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother,Queen Ranavalona I,Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians,Radama II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the Lambert Charter,which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-François Lambert while Ranavalona still ruled,the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects. This agreement,which was later revoked by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony,was key to establishing France's claim over Madagascar as a protectorate and,in 1896,as a colony.
Rasoherina was Queen of Madagascar from 1863 to 1868,succeeding her husband Radama II following his presumed assassination.
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Rainilaiarivony was a Malagasy politician who served as the prime minister of Madagascar from 1864 to 1895,succeeding his older brother Rainivoninahitriniony,who had held the post for thirteen years. His career mirrored that of his father Rainiharo,a renowned military man who became prime minister during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I.
The Franco-Hova Wars,also known as the Franco-Malagasy Wars were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom,and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony. The term "Hova" referred to a social class within the Merina class structure.
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The Second Madagascar expedition was a French military intervention which took place in 1894–95,sealing the conquest of the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar by France. It was the last phase of the Franco-Hova War and followed the First Madagascar expedition of 1883–85.
The First Madagascar expedition was the beginning of the Franco-Hova War and consisted of a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar in 1883. It was followed by the Second Madagascar expedition in 1895.
Christianity in Madagascar is practiced by 85.3% of Madagascar's population according to the Pew Research Center in 2010,often in syncretic form with traditional religious practices. Protestantism was introduced by the first envoys of the London Missionary Society in 1818,who proselytized and taught literacy through a Malagasy language Bible at the public schools they established in the highlands at the request of King Radama I. The number of converts remained low but gradually grew under repression during the reign of his successor,Queen Ranavalona I,and the more permissive religious policies of her son,Radama II,and his widow,Queen Rasoherina.
Vy Vato Sakelika was a nationalist secret society formed in Madagascar in 1913 by HovaMerina elites to inspire rebellion against French colonial rule on the island.
References
- ↑ Chapus, G.S.; Mondain, G. (1953). Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony (in French). Paris: Editions Diloutremer.
| Merina Kingdom (c. 1540–1897) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| French Madagascar (1897–1958) |
| |
| Malagasy Republic (1958–75) |
| |
| Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–92) |
| |
| Third Republic of Madagascar (1992–2010) | ||
| High Transitional Authority (2009–2014) | ||
| Fourth Republic of Madagascar (2014–present) | ||
* Acting | ||
