Randy Wayne (biologist)

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Randy Wayne
Dr. Randy O. Wayne Cornell plant biologist.jpg
Born (1955-05-08) May 8, 1955 (age 68)
Boston, Massachusetts United States
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater University of Massachusetts Amherst BS 1977
University of California at Los Angeles Masters 1979 [1]
University of Massachusetts Amherst PhD 1985 [1]
Scientific career
FieldsBiophysical Plant Cell Biology
Institutions Cornell [2] [3]
Doctoral advisor Peter K. Hepler
Website Randy Wayne at Cornell

Randy O. Wayne is an associate professor of plant biology at Cornell University. [4] Along with his former colleague Peter K. Hepler, Wayne established the role of calcium in regulating plant growth. [5] [6] Their 1985 article Calcium and Plant Development was awarded the "Citation Classic" award from Current Contents magazine. [7] They researched how plant cells sense gravity through pressure, [8] [9] [10] the water permeability of plant membranes, [11] light microscopy, [12] as well as the effects of calcium on plant development. [7] [13] Wayne authored two textbooks, including Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology [14] [15] and Light and Video Microscopy. [16]

Contents

Copy of Dedication page to Plant Cell Biology sent to Thomas Chargaff, son of Erwin Chargaff Dedication to Plant Cell Biology Second Edition, Elsevier 2019.jpg
Copy of Dedication page to Plant Cell Biology sent to Thomas Chargaff, son of Erwin Chargaff

Attempting to explain photosynthesis and gravitropism, Wayne has developed and promoted a fringe theory of light and gravity based on a concept of "binary photons". [17] [18] This concept is inconsistent with relativity and modern physics as a whole. [19]

Education

Wayne completed his undergraduate studies in Botany at the University of Massachusetts. He earned an M.A. in Biology from the University of California at Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. in Plant Cell Biology from the University of Massachusetts in 1985 working under Peter K. Hepler. He was a post-doc at The University of Texas at Austin working with Stanley Roux, Guy Thompson, and H. Y. Lim Tung, and had a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Fellowship to work with Masashi Tazawa at the University of Tokyo. While in Japan, Wayne worked at the National Institute of Basic Biology in Okazaki with Akeo Kadota, Masakatsu Watanabe, and Masaki Furuya, Hitotsubashi University in Kunitachi with Eiji Kamitsubo, and the Himeji Institute of Technology with Tetsuro Mimura and Teruo Shimmen.[ citation needed ]

Career

Wayne joined the faculty at Cornell University in 1987. He is a member of the CALS School of Integrative Plant Science. [20] He has a deep interest in teaching science [21] and teaches Plant Cell Biology and Light and Video Microscopy. He has taught a course for nonmajors entitled, Biological Principles [22] [23] and subsequently taught a course for nonmajors entitled, Light and Life. [24] Wayne also has strong views on the meaning of a college education. [25] Wayne is a member of the Biology and Society major, [26] which is designed for students who wish to combine training in biology with perspectives from the social sciences and humanities to understand the scientific, social, political, and ethical aspects of modern biology.

Fern spore germination

When it was generally assumed that fern spores contained all the ions necessary for germination, [27] Wayne, working with Peter K. Hepler, showed that external calcium ions were necessary for the red light-stimulated, phytochrome-mediated signal transduction chain that leads to the germination response of the spores of Onoclea sensibilis. [28] [29] [30]

Water permeability of plant cell membranes

It was generally considered that water moved in and out of the plant cell through the lipid bilayer. Wayne, working with Masashi Tazawa, [31] presented most of the now classical arguments favoring membrane water channels and clearly demonstrated their major contribution to osmotic water transport. [32] Wayne's work preceded the molecular identification of aquaporins in plant cells. [33] [34] [35]

Gravity sensing in plant cells

It is generally believed that the sedimentation of starch-containing plastids, known as amyloplasts, is responsible for gravity-sensing in plant cells. [36] However, based on the facts that plant cells that do not contain sedimenting amyloplasts still sense gravity [37] [38] [39] [40] and that starchless mutants in higher plants are almost as sensitive to gravity as the wild-type plants, [41] [42] Wayne, working with Mark P. Staves and A. Carl Leopold proposed that the amyloplasts do not act as gravity sensors, but as a ballast to enhance the gravitational pressure sensed by proteins at the plasma membrane–extracellular matrix junction. [43] [44] [45]

Books

Podcasts

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytoplasm</span> All of the contents of a eukaryotic cell except the nucleus

In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are the cytosol, the organelles, and various cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zygomycota</span> Division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi

Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. Zygomycota is no longer recognised as it was not believed to be truly monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germination</span> Process by which an organism grows from a spore or seed

Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, ferns, bacteria, and the growth of the pollen tube from the pollen grain of a seed plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollen tube</span> Tubular structure to conduct male gametes of plants to the female gametes

A pollen tube is a tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates. Pollen tube elongation is an integral stage in the plant life cycle. The pollen tube acts as a conduit to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain—either from the stigma to the ovules at the base of the pistil or directly through ovule tissue in some gymnosperms. In maize, this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches (30 cm) to traverse the length of the pistil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac muscle</span> Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates

Cardiac muscle is one of three types of vertebrate muscle tissues, with the other two being skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the wall of the heart. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall and the inner layer, with blood supplied via the coronary circulation. It is composed of individual cardiac muscle cells joined by intercalated discs, and encased by collagen fibers and other substances that form the extracellular matrix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amyloplast</span> Type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells

Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved in various biological pathways. Amyloplasts are specifically a type of leucoplast, a subcategory for colorless, non-pigment-containing plastids. Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues, and they store and synthesize starch for the plant through the polymerization of glucose. Starch synthesis relies on the transportation of carbon from the cytosol, the mechanism by which is currently under debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vegetarian nutrition</span> Nutritional and human health aspects of vegetarian diets

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravitropism</span> Plant growth in reaction to gravity and bending of leaves and roots

Gravitropism is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. It also occurs in fungi. Gravity can be either "artificial gravity" or natural gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants as well as other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first to scientifically document that roots show positive gravitropism and stems show negative gravitropism. That is, roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull and stems grow in the opposite direction. This behavior can be easily demonstrated with any potted plant. When laid onto its side, the growing parts of the stem begin to display negative gravitropism, growing upwards. Herbaceous (non-woody) stems are capable of a degree of actual bending, but most of the redirected movement occurs as a consequence of root or stem growth outside. The mechanism is based on the Cholodny–Went model which was proposed in 1927, and has since been modified. Although the model has been criticized and continues to be refined, it has largely stood the test of time.

Chemotropism is defined as the growth of organisms navigated by chemical stimulus from outside of the organism. It has been observed in bacteria, plants and fungi. A chemical gradient can influence the growth of the organism in a positive or negative way. Positive growth is characterized by growing towards a stimulus and negative growth is growing away from the stimulus.

<i>Onoclea sensibilis</i> Species of fern

Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, also known as the bead fern, is a coarse-textured, medium to large-sized deciduous perennial fern. The name comes from its sensitivity to frost, the fronds dying quickly when first touched by it. It is sometimes treated as the only species in Onoclea, but some authors do not consider the genus monotypic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-photon excitation microscopy</span> Fluorescence imaging technique

Two-photon excitation microscopy is a fluorescence imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering living tissue of up to about one millimeter in thickness. Unlike traditional fluorescence microscopy, where the excitation wavelength is shorter than the emission wavelength, two-photon excitation requires simultaneous excitation by two photons with longer wavelength than the emitted light. The laser is focused onto a specific location in the tissue and scanned across the sample to sequentially produce the image. Due to the non-linearity of two-photon excitation, mainly fluorophores in the micrometer-sized focus of the laser beam are excited, which results in the spatial resolution of the image. This contrasts with confocal microscopy, where the spatial resolution is produced by the interaction of excitation focus and the confined detection with a pinhole.

Florigens are proteins capable of inducing flowering time in angiosperms. The prototypical florigen is encoded by the FT gene and its orthologs in Arabidopsis and other plants. Florigens are produced in the leaves, and act in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips.

Gravitational biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. Throughout the history of the Earth life has evolved to survive changing conditions, such as changes in the climate and habitat. However, one constant factor in evolution since life first began on Earth is the force of gravity. As a consequence, all biological processes are accustomed to the ever-present force of gravity and even small variations in this force can have significant impact on the health and function and the system of organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginomycotina</span> Subdivision of fungi

The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi. It consists of the classes Ustilaginomycetes and Exobasidiomycetes, and in 2014 the subdivision was reclassified and the two additional classes Malasseziomycetes and Monilielliomycetes added. The name was first published by Doweld in 2001; Bauer and colleagues later published it in 2006 as an isonym. Ustilagomycotina and Agaricomycotina are considered to be sister groups, and they are in turn sister groups to the subdivision Pucciniomycotina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EXPOSE</span> External facility on the ISS dedicated to astrobiology experiments

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Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), also called surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface plasmon resonance of metallic surfaces with imaging of the metallic surface. The heterogeneity of the refractive index of the metallic surface imparts high contrast images, caused by the shift in the resonance angle. SPRM can achieve a sub-nanometer thickness sensitivity and lateral resolution achieves values of micrometer scale. SPRM is used to characterize surfaces such as self-assembled monolayers, multilayer films, metal nanoparticles, oligonucleotide arrays, and binding and reduction reactions. Surface plasmon polaritons are surface electromagnetic waves coupled to oscillating free electrons of a metallic surface that propagate along a metal/dielectric interface. Since polaritons are highly sensitive to small changes in the refractive index of the metallic material, it can be used as a biosensing tool that does not require labeling. SPRM measurements can be made in real-time, such as measuring binding kinetics of membrane proteins in single cells, or DNA hybridization.

Masashi Tazawa is a botanist, notable for his physiological, biophysical and cell biological research on characean cells. He is a member of the Botanical Society of Japan, a corresponding member of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, and an honorary member of the German Botanical Society. Tazawa is also an honorary member of The Botanical Society of Japan and also an honorary member of the Japanese Society of the Plant Physiologists. In 1990. Tazawa received the Japan Academy Prize. In 1990/91 he was president of the Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists, and from 1976 to 1981, he was secretary of the Japanese Society of Cell Biology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter K. Hepler</span> American academic

Peter Klock Hepler HonFRMS is the Constantine J. Gilgut and Ray Ethan Torrey Professor Emeritus in the Biology Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who is notable for his work on elucidating the roles of calcium, membranes and the cytoskeleton in plant cell development and cell motility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Per Uhlén</span> Swedish professor and researcher of molecular biology

Per Uhlén, born in 1969 in Uppsala, is a Swedish researcher in cell and molecular biology and professor of cell signaling at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Uhlén conducts research about cell signaling and how different cues affect important biological processes for cancer and development, such as cell division, cell differentiation and cell death. Uhlén is also conducting research using three-dimensional (3D) imaging with light sheet fluorescence microscopy and tissue clearing to map, characterize, and diagnose intact tumor samples.

References

  1. 1 2 "Randy O Wayne (faculty biography)". Cornell University Department of Plant Biology. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-06-28. Bachelor's Degree Univ Massachusetts 1977 Master's Degree University of California Los Angeles 1979 Doctorate Univ Massachusetts 1985
  2. ↑ Sean T. Hammond and Karl J. Niklas (10 January 2012). "Computer simulations support a core prediction of a contentious plant model". American Journal of Botany. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  3. ↑ Randy O. Wayne, in Ithaca Journal on August 4, 2011, Cornell decision to ax courses steps on academic freedom — Ithaca Journal, Retrieved Aug. 26, 2014, "...we question Cornell’s commitment to the concept of academic freedom.."
  4. ↑ "Where is the Freedom to Question?". American Institute for Technology and Science Education. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  5. ↑ V. Raghavan (1989). "Developmental Biology of Fern Gametophytes". Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-33022-0 . Retrieved 2012-06-28. Direct demonstration of an increased Ca2+ influx in the spore following exposure to a saturating dose of red light has been possible by atomic absorption spectroscopy (Wayne and Hepler, 1985a).
  6. ↑ "A Basic Distinction (in the Breakthroughs Section)". Discover Magazine. November 1992. Volume 13, Number 11
  7. 1 2 "This Week's Citation Classic" (PDF). Current Contents. July 26, 1993. Retrieved 2012-06-28. The SCI® indicates that this paper has been cited in more than 405 publications -- Hepler P K & Wayne R O. Calcium and plant development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36:397-439. 1985. -- Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts. Amherst. MA
  8. ↑ "SCIENCE WATCH; Telling Up From Down". The New York Times. 1992. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  9. ↑ Boyce Rensberger (July 13, 1992). "Getting to the Root Of Plant Growth; How Seeds Sprout in the Proper Direction". Washington Post.
  10. ↑ Elison B. Blancaflor and Patrick H. Masson (December 2003). "Update on Tropisms: Plant Gravitropism. Unraveling the Ups and Downs of a Complex Process". Plant Physiology. pp. 1677–1690. Retrieved 2012-06-28. Vol. 133 Citing this article: Staves MP, Wayne R, Leopold AC (1997) The effect of external medium on the gravitropic curvature of rice (Oryza sativa, Poaceae) roots. Am J Bot 84:1522–1529
  11. ↑ Christophe Maurel (June 1997). "Aquaporins and Water Permeability of Plant Membranes". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48: 399–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.399. PMID   15012269. Vol. 48: 399-429; DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.399
  12. ↑ Randy Wayne (August 2008). "Light and Video Microscopy". Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-374234-6 . Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  13. ↑ Roux, S. J.; Wayne, R. O.; Datta, N. (1986). "Role of calcium ions in phytochrome responses: an update". Physiologia Plantarum. 66 (2): 344–348. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb02430.x. PMID   11538657.
  14. ↑ Plant cell biology. From astronomy to zoology, R Wayne, 2009, Elsevier/Academic Press. Reviewer: Nigel Chaffey, 2010, Plant cell biology. From astronomy to zoology (textbook review), Retrieved Aug. 26, 2014, "...Plant cell biology is an idiosyncratic text and permeated throughout with Wayne's own humour and take on the subject..."
  15. ↑ Nigel Chaffey (reviewer of Wayne's book) (August 4, 2010). "Plant cell biology. From astronomy to zoology". Annals of Botany. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  16. ↑ Carol Bayles (April 2010). "Let There be Light (review of Randy Wayne's book Light and Video Microscopy)". BioScience. Retrieved 2012-06-28. Volume 60 No. 4 BioScience ...excellent undergraduate level text on optical microscopy for biologists... also valuable to anyone using a light microscope ... An ability to elucidate difficult concepts is not the only thing that makes Wayne an excellent teacher. He is also a historian of science and has thoroughly researched the topic in order to bring historical information to the reader.
  17. ↑ Wayne, Randy (2020). "The Binary Photon: A Heuristic Proposal to Address the Enigmatic Properties of Light" (PDF). The African Review of Physics. 15: 0010.
  18. ↑ Wayne, Randy (2017). "A Push to Understand Gravity: A Heuristic Model". The African Review of Physics. 12: 2.
  19. ↑ Dan Veaner (October 15, 2010). "Cornell Scientist Challenges Einstein". Lansing Star. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  20. ↑ "School of Integrative Plant Science" . Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  21. ↑ Mazhar, Tajwar (November 4, 2009). "Prof's Book Blurs Boundaries between Sciences". Cornell Daily Sun.
  22. ↑ Wayne, Randy. "Biological Principles". Randy Wayne's World. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  23. ↑ Newkirk, Zach (2011). "Freedom to Teach at Cornell" (PDF). Cornell Progressive. 11 (4): 1, 5.
  24. ↑ Wayne, Randy. "Complete Set of Notes 2022" (PDF). Randy Wayne's World. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  25. ↑ Wayne, Randy (March 1, 2019). "Putting the Measurable over the Meaningful. Letter to the Editor". Boston Globe Magazine. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  26. ↑ "Biology & Society Major at Cornell University". Department of Science & Technology Studies at Cornell University. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  27. ↑ Raghavan, V (1980). "Cytology, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Germination of Fern Spores". International Review of Cytology. 62: 69–118. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61899-9. ISBN   9780123644626.
  28. ↑ Wayne, Randy and Hepler, Peter, K. (1984). "The Role of Calcium Ions in Phytochrome-mediated germination of spores of Onoclea sensibilis L.". Planta. 160 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1007/BF00392460. PMID   24258366. S2CID   14789256.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Wayne, Randy and Hepler, Peter K. (1985). "Red Light Stimulates and Increase in Intracellular Calcium in the Spores of Onoclea sensibilis". Plant Physiology. 77 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1104/pp.77.1.8. PMC   1064446 . PMID   16664033.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ Wayne, Randy and Hepler, Peter K. (1985). "The Atomic Composition of Onoclea sensibilis Spores". American Fern Journal. 75 (1): 12–18. doi:10.2307/1546574. JSTOR   1546574.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ↑ Wayne, Randy and Tazawa, Masashi (1990). "Nature of the Water Channels in the Internodal Cells of Nitellopsis". Journal of Membrane Biology. 116 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1007/bf01871669. PMID   2165174. S2CID   15863712.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Maurel, Christophe (1997). "Aquaporins and Water Permeability of Plant Membranes". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48: 399–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.399. PMID   15012269.
  33. ↑ Kaldenhoff, R., Bertl, A., Otto, B., Moshelion, M. and Uehlein, N. (2007). "Characterization of Plant Aquaporins". Osmosensing and Osmosignaling. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 428. pp. 505–31. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)28028-0. ISBN   9780123739216. PMID   17875436.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Kammerloher, W., Fischer, U., Piechottka, G.P. and Schäffner, A.R. (1994). "Water Channels in the Plant Plasma Membrane Cloned by Immunoselection from a Mammalian Expression System". Plant J. 6 (2): 187–99. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1994.6020187.x . PMID   7920711.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Maeshima, M. (2001). "Tonoplast Transporters: Organization and Function". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 52 (1): 469–497. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.469. PMID   11337406.
  36. ↑ Morita, Miyo T. (2010). "Directional Gravity Sensing in Gravitropism" (PDF). Annual Review of Plant Biology. 61: 705–720. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092042. PMID   19152486.
  37. ↑ Wayne, Randy, Staves, Mark P. and Leopold, A. Carl (1995). "Detection of Gravity-Induced Polarity of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Chara". Protoplasma. 188 (1–2): 38–48. doi:10.1007/BF01276794. PMID   11539183. S2CID   14988993.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Wayne, Randy and Staves, Mark P. (1996). "A Down-to-Earth Model of Gravisensing or Newton's Law of Gravitation from the Apple's Perspective". Physiologia Plantarum. 98 (4): 917–921. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb06703.x. PMID   11539338.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ↑ Wayne, Randy, Staves, Mark P. and Leopold, A. Carl (1992). "The Contribution of the Extracellular Matrix to Gravisensing in Characean Cells" (PDF). Journal of Cell Science. 101 (3): 611–623. doi:10.1242/jcs.101.3.611. PMID   1522145.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ↑ Wayne, Randy, Staves, Mark P. and Leopold, A. Carl (1997). "The Effect of the External Medium on the Gravity-Induced Polarity of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Chara corallina (Characeae)". American Journal of Botany. 84 (11): 1516–1521. doi:10.2307/2446612. JSTOR   2446612. PMID   11541058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ Casper, Timothy and Pickard, Barbara G. (1989). "Gravitropism in a Starchless Mutant of Arabidopsis: Implications for the Starch-Statolith Theory of Gravity Sensing". Planta. 177 (2): 185–197. doi:10.1007/BF00392807. PMID   24212341. S2CID   3703387.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ Weise, Sean E. and Kiss, John H. (1999). "Gravitropism of Influorescence Stems in Starch-Deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (3): 521–527. doi:10.1086/314142. PMID   11542271. S2CID   21480340.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ "Telling Up from Down". New York Times. June 9, 1992. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  44. ↑ Rensberger, Boyce (July 13, 1992). "Getting to the Root of Plant Growth; How Seeds Sprout in the Proper Direction". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  45. ↑ Wayne, Randy, Staves, Mark P. and Leopold, A. Carl (1997). "The Effect of the External Medium on the Gravitropic Curvature of Rice (ORYZA SATIVA, POACEAE) Roots". American Journal of Botany. 84 (11): 1522–1529. doi: 10.2307/2446613 . JSTOR   2446613. PMID   11541059.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ↑ Wayne, Randy. "Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology". YouTube. Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  47. ↑ Wayne, Randy. "Light and Video Microscopy". YouTube. Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
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