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Raul Andino | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1957 |
| Awards | Beijerinck Virology Prize (2017) [1] |
| Academic background | |
| Academic advisors | David Baltimore |
| Academic work | |
| Doctoral students | Shane Crotty (2001) |
Raul Andino is a virologist and professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of California,San Francisco. [2] He is noted for leading a team of researchers that developed the first new oral polio vaccine in 50 years. [3]
Raul Andino was born in 1957 [1] in Argentina. [4] He completed his master's degree in Biology in 1980 and his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1986,both at the University of Buenos Aires. [2]
Andino emigrated to the United States in the 1980s. [4] He then went on to work as a postdoctoral researcher first at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research from 1986 to 1991,then at Rockefeller University in the lab of David Baltimore from 1991 to 1992. [2] He then joined the faculty of the University of California,San Francisco as an assistant professor. [2] He was promoted to associate professor in 1999,then full professor in 2003. [2]
Raul Andino's research has long focused on poliovirus. Together with Andrew Macadam,Andino redesigned the polio vaccine so it can stop the virus from re-evolving. [5] [6] His research has expanded to other enteroviruses and host defenses against other RNA viruses. [1] His group has also had a long-standing interest in RNA interference as an antiviral defense,and in the dynamics of viral evolution during infection and transmission. [1]
Poliomyelitis,commonly shortened to polio,is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic;mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever;in a proportion of cases more severe symptoms develop such as headache,neck stiffness,and paresthesia. These symptoms usually pass within one or two weeks. A less common symptom is permanent paralysis,and possible death in extreme cases. Years after recovery,post-polio syndrome may occur,with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used:an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world,and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.
Coxsackieviruses are a few related enteroviruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped,linear,positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses,as well as its genus Enterovirus,which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens,and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal–oral route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world,more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.
Poliovirus,the causative agent of polio,is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C,in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes:types 1,2,and 3.
Defective interfering particles (DIPs),also known as defective interfering viruses,are spontaneously generated virus mutants in which a critical portion of the particle's genome has been lost due to defective replication or non-homologous recombination. The mechanism of their formation is presumed to be as a result of template-switching during replication of the viral genome,although non-replicative mechanisms involving direct ligation of genomic RNA fragments have also been proposed. DIPs are derived from and associated with their parent virus,and particles are classed as DIPs if they are rendered non-infectious due to at least one essential gene of the virus being lost or severely damaged as a result of the defection. A DIP can usually still penetrate host cells,but requires another fully functional virus particle to co-infect a cell with it,in order to provide the lost factors.
Albert Bruce Sabin was a Polish-American medical researcher,best known for developing the oral polio vaccine,which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease. In 1969–72,he served as the president of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.
Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine.
Polio eradication,the permanent global cessation of circulation of the poliovirus and hence elimination of the poliomyelitis (polio) it causes,is the aim of a multinational public health effort begun in 1988,led by the World Health Organization (WHO),the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Rotary Foundation. These organizations,along with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Gates Foundation,have spearheaded the campaign through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Successful eradication of infectious diseases has been achieved twice before,with smallpox in humans and rinderpest in ruminants.
Vincent R. Racaniello is a Higgins Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons. He is a co-author of a textbook on virology,Principles of Virology.
A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected,the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things,viruses do not have cells that divide;new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions,they contain genes,which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear:some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.
Isabel Merrick Morgan was an American virologist at Johns Hopkins University,who prepared an experimental vaccine that protected monkeys against polio in a research team with David Bodian and Howard A. Howe. Their research led to the identification of three distinct serotypes of poliovirus,all of which must be incorporated for a vaccine to provide complete immunity from poliomyelitis. Morgan was the first to successfully use a killed-virus for polio inoculation in monkeys. After she married in 1949,she left the field of polio research in part because she was uncomfortable with trials that tested polio vaccines on the nerve tissue of children. She then worked on epidemiological studies on air pollution. Later in life,she was a consultant for studies of cancer therapies at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute.
Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov was a Soviet Russian microbiologist and virologist most famous for conducting pivotal large-scale clinical trials that led to licensing of the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert B. Sabin.
Dorothy Millicent Horstmann was an American epidemiologist,virologist,and pediatrician whose research on the spread of poliovirus in the human bloodstream helped set the stage for the development of the polio vaccine. She was the first woman appointed as a professor at the Yale School of Medicine and she held a joint appointment in the Yale School of Public Health.
Eckard Wimmer is a German American virologist,organic chemist and distinguished professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at Stony Brook University. He is best known for his seminal work on the molecular biology of poliovirus and the first chemical synthesis of a viral genome capable of infection and subsequent production of live viruses.
Synthetic virology is a branch of virology engaged in the study and engineering of synthetic man-made viruses. It is a multidisciplinary research field at the intersection of virology,synthetic biology,computational biology,and DNA nanotechnology,from which it borrows and integrates its concepts and methodologies. There is a wide range of applications for synthetic viral technology such as medical treatments,investigative tools,and reviving organisms.
Vaccine shedding is a form of viral shedding which can occasionally occur following a viral infection caused by an attenuated vaccine. Illness in others resulting from transmission through this type of viral shedding is rare. Most vaccines are not attenuated vaccines,and therefore cannot cause vaccine-induced viral shedding,though the idea of shedding is a popular anti-vaccination myth.
Shane Patrick Crotty is a professor of immunology in the Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research at La Jolla Institute for Immunology.
Craig E. Cameron is the chair of the department of microbiology and immunology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and American Society for Microbiology.
Nicola Jane Stonehouse is a British virologist who is a professor in molecular virology at the University of Leeds. Her research investigates viral diseases and the use of RNA aptamers to study viral proteins. She has worked on the development of a novel poliovirus vaccine that makes use of virus-like particles.
Marina Konstantinovna Voroshilova was a Soviet virologist and corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1969). She is best known for her work on the introduction of vaccines against poliomyelitis,the discovery of non-specific effects of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV),and developing the concept of beneficial human viruses.
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