Shane Crotty

Last updated
Shane Crotty
Born
Shane Patrick Crotty

(1974-01-26)January 26, 1974
Education
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions La Jolla Institute for Immunology
Thesis Polio Is (Still) Not Dead: Vaccine Vectors, Antiviral Drugs, Pathogenesis, and Unexpected Mutants  (2001)
Doctoral advisor Raul Andino
Website www.lji.org/labs/crotty/

Shane Patrick Crotty (born 26 January 1974) is a professor of immunology in the Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research at La Jolla Institute for Immunology. [1]

Contents

Education and academic posts

Crotty completed B.S. degrees in Biology and Writing from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996. [1] He then completed his Ph.D. in 2001 at the University of California, San Francisco with Raul Andino. [2] [1]

Crotty went on to a postdoctoral fellowship from 2001 to 2003 with Rafi Ahmed at Emory University Vaccine Center studying immunity to viruses. [1] He joined the La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) in 2003, as well as the department of medicine of University of California, San Diego, in 2004 as an adjunct assistant professor. He became an associate member with tenure at LJI in 2009, [3] and then a tenured professor.

Research

Crotty's research has focused on immune responses to viral infections, in particular those driven by vaccines. His lab has done major work on the regulation and proliferation of follicular helper T cells, as well as immunological protection from HIV infection and HIV vaccine delivery strategy. [4] [5] In close collaboration with Alessandro Sette, Crotty published the first detailed analysis [6] of the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and later confirmed [7] that the adaptive immune response is lasting.

In 2020, Crotty joined the LJI Coronavirus Taskforce to study immune system responses with an aim of informing vaccines and therapies against the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. His lab studies the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2. [8] In May 2020, his lab co-published the first detailed analysis of how the immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2, with LJI Professor Alessandro Sette. [9] [10] This research suggested that the human body may be capable of long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following infection or vaccine administration. [11] Crotty has since published research showing that "uncoordinated" immune cell responses are related to COVID-19 case severity. [10] His lab has also collaborated with Sette to show that T cells that react to common cold coronaviruses can also recognize SARS-CoV-2. [12] Crotty has warned that this T-cell immunity does not equal protection against the virus. [13]

Major publications

Other publications

Crotty is also the author of a biography of David Baltimore entitled Ahead of the Curve. [14] [15] He is the co-editor with Rafi Ahmed of Immune Memory and Vaccines: Great Debates. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA vaccine</span> Vaccine containing DNA

A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.

In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Original antigenic sin</span> Immune phenomenon

Original antigenic sin, also known as antigenic imprinting, the Hoskins effect, or immunological imprinting, is the propensity of the immune system to preferentially use immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign pathogen is encountered. This leaves the immune system "trapped" by the first response it has made to each antigen, and unable to mount potentially more effective responses during subsequent infections. Antibodies or T-cells induced during infections with the first variant of the pathogen are subject to repertoire freeze, a form of original antigenic sin.

A breakthrough infection is a case of illness in which a vaccinated individual becomes infected with the illness, because the vaccine has failed to provide complete immunity against the pathogen. Breakthrough infections have been identified in individuals immunized against a variety of diseases including mumps, varicella (Chickenpox), influenza, and COVID-19. The characteristics of the breakthrough infection are dependent on the virus itself. Often, infection of the vaccinated individual results in milder symptoms and shorter duration than if the infection were contracted naturally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody-dependent enhancement</span> Antibodies rarely making an infection worse instead of better

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication. The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease. It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Jolla Institute for Immunology</span>

La Jolla Institute for Immunology is a non-profit research organization located in La Jolla, California. It is located in UC San Diego’s Research Park. The institute researches immunology and immune system diseases. The institute employs 220 M.D.s and Ph.D.s, including 23 faculty members and more than 450 employees. Dr. Mitchell Kronenberg has served as its president and scientific director since 2003. The institute was founded in 1988.

A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. A "subunit" vaccine doesn't contain the whole pathogen, unlike live attenuated or inactivated vaccine, but contains only the antigenic parts such as proteins, polysaccharides or peptides. Because the vaccine doesn't contain "live" components of the pathogen, there is no risk of introducing the disease, and is safer and more stable than vaccine containing whole pathogens. Other advantages include being well-established technology and being suitable for immunocompromised individuals. Disadvantages include being relatively complex to manufacture compared to some vaccines, possibly requiring adjuvants and booster shots, and requiring time to examine which antigenic combinations may work best. Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akiko Iwasaki</span> Immunobiologist

Akiko Iwasaki is a Sterling Professor of Immunobiology and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology at Yale University. She is also a principal investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her research interests include innate immunity, autophagy, inflammasomes, sexually transmitted infections, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, respiratory virus infections, influenza infection, T cell immunity, commensal bacteria, COVID-19 and Long COVID.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alessandro Sette</span> Italian immunologist (born 1960)

Alessandro Sette is an Italian immunologist. He was born on August 11, 1960, in Rome, Italy, to Pietro Sette, a prominent Italian businessman and politician, and Renata Sette. Sette is a professor at La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI). He is an adjunct professor at the University of California, San Diego. Sette studies the specific epitopes that the immune system recognizes in cancer, autoimmunity, allergy, and infectious diseases.

mRNA vaccine Type of vaccine

An mRNAvaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells. The mRNA is delivered by a co-formulation of the RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 vaccine</span> Vaccine designed to provide acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2

A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kizzmekia Corbett</span> American immunologist

Kizzmekia "Kizzy" Shanta Corbett is an American viral immunologist. She is an Assistant Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Shutzer Assistant Professor at the Harvard Radcliffe Institute since June 2021.

Karen Louise Mossman is a Canadian virologist who is a professor of Pathology and Molecular Medicine at McMaster University. Mossman looks to understand how viruses get around the defence mechanisms of cells. She was part of a team of Canadian researchers who first isolated SARS-CoV-2.

Catherine Blish is a translational immunologist and professor at Stanford University. Her lab works on clinical immunology and focuses primarily on the role of the innate immune system in fighting infectious diseases like HIV, dengue fever, and influenza. Her immune cell biology work characterizes the biology and action of Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elina Zúñiga</span> Argentinian immunologist

Elina Zúñiga is an Argentinian Immunologist and Professor of Molecular Biology in the Division of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Zúñiga has made critical discoveries regarding host-virus interactions in both acute and chronic infections. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis models (LCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus models, her laboratory at UCSD studies host immune adaptations in chronic viral disease and methods of viral suppression of the immune system in order to develop novel methods and identify novel targets of anti-viral defence. In 2018, Zúñiga was chosen by the American Association of Immunologists to give the international Vanguard Lecture. Zúñiga is also co-founder of the Global Immunotalks series which she and Carla Rothlin started in 2020 as a means to make cutting-edge immunology research freely available and easily accessible to a global audience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UB-612</span> Vaccine candidate against COVID-19

UB-612 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by United Biomedical Asia, and Vaxxinity, Inc. It is a peptide vaccine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral vector vaccine</span>

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. As of April 2021, six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein</span> Most expressed structure in coronaviruses

The nucleocapsid (N) protein is a protein that packages the positive-sense RNA genome of coronaviruses to form ribonucleoprotein structures enclosed within the viral capsid. The N protein is the most highly expressed of the four major coronavirus structural proteins. In addition to its interactions with RNA, N forms protein-protein interactions with the coronavirus membrane protein (M) during the process of viral assembly. N also has additional functions in manipulating the cell cycle of the host cell. The N protein is highly immunogenic and antibodies to N are found in patients recovered from SARS and Covid-19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus spike protein</span> Glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope

Spike (S) glycoprotein is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes or peplomers, that project from the surface of the virion. The distinctive appearance of these spikes when visualized using negative stain transmission electron microscopy, "recalling the solar corona", gives the virus family its main name.

Endothelial cell tropism or endotheliotropism is a type of tissue tropism or host tropism that characterizes an pathogen's ability to recognize and infect an endothelial cell. Pathogens, such as viruses, can target a specific tissue type or multiple tissue types. Like other cells, the endothelial cell possesses several features that supports a productive viral infection a cell including, cell surface receptors, immune responses, and other virulence factors. Endothelial cells are found in various tissue types such as in the capillaries, veins, and arteries in the human body. As endothelial cells line these blood vessels and critical networks that extend access to various human organ systems, the virus entry into these cells can be detrimental to virus spread across the host system and affect clinical course of disease. Understanding the mechanisms of how viruses attach, enter, and control endothelial functions and host responses inform infectious disease understanding and medical countermeasures.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Crotty Lab - Lab Members". La Jolla Institute. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  2. ↑ "Shane Crotty". Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  3. ↑ Crotty, Shane. "Biographical Sketch" (PDF).
  4. ↑ "Crotty Lab". La Jolla Institute for Immunology.
  5. ↑ "New HIV vaccine strategy 'pumps' the immune system". Science Daily. May 9, 2019.
  6. ↑ Grifoni, Alba; Weiskopf, Daniela; Ramirez, Sydney I.; Mateus, Jose; Dan, Jennifer M.; Moderbacher, Carolyn Rydyznski; Rawlings, Stephen A.; Sutherland, Aaron; Premkumar, Lakshmanane; Jadi, Ramesh S.; Marrama, Daniel (June 2020). "Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals". Cell. 181 (7): 1489–1501.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015. ISSN   0092-8674. PMC   7237901 . PMID   32473127.
  7. ↑ Dan, Jennifer M.; Mateus, Jose; Kato, Yu; Hastie, Kathryn M.; Yu, Esther Dawen; Faliti, Caterina E.; Grifoni, Alba; Ramirez, Sydney I.; Haupt, Sonya; Frazier, April; Nakao, Catherine (2021-01-06). "Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection". Science. 371 (6529): eabf4063. doi: 10.1126/science.abf4063 . ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   7919858 . PMID   33408181.
  8. ↑ "Crotty Lab". La Jolla Institute for Immunology. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  9. ↑ "First detailed analysis of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 bodes well for COVID-19 vaccine development". La Jolla Institute for Immunology. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  10. 1 2 Grifoni, Alba; Weiskopf, Daniela; Ramirez, Sydney I.; Mateus, Jose; Dan, Jennifer M.; Moderbacher, Carolyn Rydyznski; Rawlings, Stephen A.; Sutherland, Aaron; Premkumar, Lakshmanane; Jadi, Ramesh S.; Marrama, Daniel (2020-06-25). "Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals". Cell. 181 (7): 1489–1501.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015. ISSN   0092-8674. PMC   7237901 . PMID   32473127.
  11. ↑ Leslie, Mitch (2020-05-14). "T cells found in COVID-19 patients 'bode well' for long-term immunity". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  12. ↑ Mateus, Jose; Grifoni, Alba; Tarke, Alison; Sidney, John; Ramirez, Sydney I.; Dan, Jennifer M.; Burger, Zoe C.; Rawlings, Stephen A.; Smith, Davey M.; Phillips, Elizabeth; Mallal, Simon (2020-10-02). "Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans". Science. 370 (6512): 89–94. Bibcode:2020Sci...370...89M. doi: 10.1126/science.abd3871 . ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   7574914 . PMID   32753554.
  13. ↑ Sette, Alessandro; Crotty, Shane (August 2020). "Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns". Nature Reviews Immunology. 20 (8): 457–458. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0389-z . ISSN   1474-1741. PMC   7339790 .
  14. ↑ Didier Trono (July 2001). "Ahead of the Curve: David Baltimore's Life in Science". Nature Medicine. 7 (7): 767. doi: 10.1038/89868 . S2CID   41609105.
  15. ↑ Barbara J. Culliton (2003). "Ahead of the Curve: David Baltimore's Life in Science (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (2): 474–475. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0056. S2CID   71233143.
  16. ↑ Shane Crotty; Ahmed, Rafi, eds. (2018). Immune Memory and Vaccines: Great Debates. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN   978-1-62182-154-0.
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