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François Duvalier,also known as Papa Doc,was a Haitian politician who served as the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958,his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. An undercover government death squad,the Tonton Macoute,indiscriminately tortured or killed Duvalier's opponents;the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent,even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.
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Raymond Cassagnol was a Haitian Air Force officer/flight instructor,alleged Haitian rebel leader,and one of the first Haitian Tuskegee Airmen,"Red Tails," or “Schwartze Vogelmenschen”or among enemy German pilots. Cassagnol was an aviation classmate and roommate of Daniel James Jr.,the first-ever African American four-star general.
Léon Cantave was a Haitian general who served as Army Chief of Staff (1956-1957),playing an important role in the political events of 1957.
References
- ↑ Wojewodzki, Stan H. "Rebuilding Haiti" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ↑ Joseph Raymond (2014). The Sugar Babies. USA: Human Rights Foundation (HRF). Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- 1 2 3 Kurczy, Stephen (July 27, 2010). "Wyclef Jean's uncle to run for president of Haiti". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ↑ Joseph, Raymond A. (2014). For Whom the Dogs Spy: Haiti: From the Duvalier Dictatorships to the Earthquake, Four Presidents, and Beyond. New York: Arcade Publishing.
- ↑ "Visions of Haiti: Documentaries of the Dominicans Sugar Industry". Duke University. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ↑ Lipsky, Seth (January 20, 2010). "A Haitian Tale". Tablet Magazine . Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- 1 2 Lipsky, Seth (7 January 2015). "Lessons in liberty from a great Haitian journalist". New York Post . Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ Luxner, Larry (October 2005). "Haiti Sees Glimmer of Hope Amid Despair". The Washington Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ↑ Joseph, Raymond (September 9, 2009). "Haiti presidential election: justice on the line". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ↑ Padgett, Tim (August 21, 2010). "Wyclef Dumped From Haiti's Presidential Ballot". Time . Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-02.