Raymond L. Garthoff | |
---|---|
United States Ambassador to Bulgaria | |
In office July 29, 1977 –October 9, 1979 | |
President | Jimmy Carter |
Preceded by | Martin F. Herz |
Succeeded by | Jack Richard Perry |
Personal details | |
Born | 1929 (age 94–95) |
Profession | Diplomat,Career Ambassador |
Raymond Leonard "Ray" Garthoff (born March 26,1929) is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution,a specialist on arms control,intelligence,the Cold War,NATO,and the former Soviet Union. He is a former U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria,and has advised the U.S. State Department on treaties.
In 1948,he received his B.A. from Princeton University. In 1949,he received his M.A. from Yale. From 1950 to 1957,he was a Soviet analyst for RAND Corporation. In 1951,he received his PhD from Yale. From 1957 to 1961,he was a CIA Office of National Estimates (ONE) analyst. In the early 1960s,he was a special assistant in the State Department. Beginning in 1969,he was involved in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,as executive secretary of the U.S. delegation. [1] In September 1970,he became a deputy director of the State Department's Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. [2] As he later described it,he was "the regular Department representative on the verification panel working group,as it was called,the main working group for the SALT [I] preparations." [3] In the 1970s,he was a senior Foreign Service inspector. From 1980 to 1994,he was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. [4] [5] He is the author of numerous scholarly papers,books,and has been featured in PBS documentaries.
He is well known for his disagreement with Team B's and Richard Pipes's 1976 characterization of Soviet nuclear doctrine. [6]
Détente is the relaxation of strained relations, especially political ones, through verbal communication. The diplomacy term originates from around 1912, when France and Germany tried unsuccessfully to reduce tensions.
Viktor Vasilyevich Grishin was a Soviet politician. He was a candidate (1961–1971) and full member (1971–1986) of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov is a Russian politician and economist. He served as the mayor of Moscow from 1991 until he resigned in 1992.
Smith Hempstone was a journalist, author, and the United States ambassador to Kenya from 1989 to 1993. He was a vocal proponent of democracy, advocating free elections for Kenya.
The Reykjavík Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, held in Reykjavík, Iceland, on 11–12 October 1986. The talks collapsed at the last minute, but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union.
David Everett Mark was a Career Minister in the United States Foreign Service.
The 28th Congress of the CPSU was held in Moscow. It was held a year ahead of the traditional schedule and turned out to be the last Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in the history of the party. Notably, this congress displayed open factionalism: opposing views were championed by the centrist "CPSU Central Committee platform", the liberal "Democratic Platform" and the conservative "Marxist Platform".
The Geneva Accords were the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov was a prominent Soviet military personality. He was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1977. Between 1977 and 1984, he was Chief of the General Staff of the USSR. He became widely known in the West when he became the Soviet military's spokesman following the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island in September 1983. He was dismissed as Chief of the General Staff on 6 September 1984.
General Thomas Sarsfield Power was a United States Air Force officer who served as commander in chief of the Strategic Air Command from 1957-1964. He was an active military flier for more than 30 years.
The Chief of the General Staff is the head of the General Staff and the highest ranking officer of the Russian Armed Forces or is also the senior-most uniformed military officer. He is appointed by the President of Russia, who is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The position dates to the period of the Russian Empire. The current Chief of the General Staff is Army General Valery Gerasimov.
Herman Jay "Hank" Cohen is an American diplomat who served as United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1989 to 1993.
The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (ISBN 0030506611) is a 1981 book by Claire Sterling, published by Henry Holt & Company, which argued that the USSR was using terrorists as a proxy force.
Gennadi Fyodorovich Zakharov was a Soviet physicist who worked for the United Nations who was arrested in a sting operation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1986.
Mіkalay Mіkіtavіch Slyonkow was a Belarusian politician who was first secretary of the Communist Party of the Byelorussian SSR from 13 January 1983 to 6 February 1987 during the Soviet Union.
The Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was in session from 1990 to 1991.
John Propst Blane was an American diplomat. He was the Principal Officer and Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to the Republic of Chad at the U.S. Embassy in N'Djamena in 1982, following the Embassy's closing in 1980. He was the United States Ambassador to Rwanda from 1982 to 1985 and Chad from September 1985 to October 1988.
Donald Richard Norland was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Chad.
Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA's Master Spy Hunter is a 1992 book by Tom Mangold about James Jesus Angleton, who served as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency's Counterintelligence Staff from 1954 until 1974.
The 19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was a party conference held by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 28 June to 1 July 1988. The conference was attended by 4,991 delegates.