Related Research Articles
Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Indigo is a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria. Dye-bearing Indigofera plants were commonly grown and used throughout the world, particularly in Asia, with the production of indigo dyestuff economically important due to the historical rarity of other blue dyestuffs.
Georgetown is the third oldest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and the county seat of Georgetown County, in the Lowcountry. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,163. Located on Winyah Bay at the confluence of the Black, Great Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Sampit rivers, Georgetown is the second largest seaport in South Carolina, handling over 960,000 tons of materials a year, while Charleston is the largest.
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States refers to the institution of slavery that existed in the European colonies in North America which eventually became part of the United States of America. Slavery developed due to a combination of factors, primarily the labor demands for establishing and maintaining European colonies, which had resulted in the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery existed in every European colony in the Americas during the early modern period, and both Africans and indigenous peoples were targets of enslavement by European colonists during the era.
Elizabeth "Eliza" Pinckney transformed agriculture in colonial South Carolina, where she developed indigo as one of its most important cash crops. Its cultivation and processing as dye produced one-third the total value of the colony's exports before the Revolutionary War. The manager of three plantations, Eliza Pinckney had a major influence on the colonial economy. During the 20th century, Eliza Pinckney was the first woman to be inducted into South Carolina's Business Hall of Fame.
The Province of South Carolina, originally known as Clarendon Province, was a province of the Kingdom of Great Britain that existed in North America from 1712 to 1776. It was one of the five Southern colonies and one of the thirteen American colonies of the British Empire. The monarch of Great Britain was represented by the Governor of South Carolina, until the colonies declared independence on July 4, 1776.
South Carolina was one of the Thirteen Colonies that first formed the United States. European exploration of the area began in April 1540 with the Hernando de Soto expedition, which unwittingly introduced diseases that decimated the local Native American population. In 1663, the English Crown granted land to eight proprietors of what became the colony. The first settlers came to the Province of Carolina at the port of Charleston in 1670. They were mostly wealthy planters and their slaves coming from the English Caribbean colony of Barbados. By 1700 the colony was exporting deerskin, cattle, rice, and naval stores. The Province of Carolina was split into North and South Carolina in 1712. Pushing back the Native Americans in the Yamasee War (1715–1717), colonists next overthrew the proprietors' rule in the Revolution of 1719, seeking more direct representation. In 1719, South Carolina became a crown colony.
The colonial period of South Carolina saw the exploration and colonization of the region by European colonists during the early modern period, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Province of Carolina by English settlers in 1663, which was then divided to create the Province of South Carolina in 1710. European settlement in the region of modern-day South Carolina began on a large scale after 1651, when frontiersmen from the English colony of Virginia began to settle in the northern half of the region, while the southern half saw the immigration of plantation owners from Barbados, who established slave plantations which cultivated cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, rice and indigo.
Indigofera tinctoria, also called true indigo, is a species of plant from the bean family that was one of the original sources of indigo dye.
Living in a wide range of circumstances and possessing the intersecting identity of both black and female, enslaved women of African descent had nuanced experiences of slavery. Historian Deborah Gray White explains that "the uniqueness of the African-American female's situation is that she stands at the crossroads of two of the most well-developed ideologies in America, that regarding women and that regarding the Negro." Beginning as early on in enslavement as the voyage on the Middle Passage, enslaved women received different treatment due to their gender. In regard to physical labor and hardship, enslaved women received similar treatment to their male counterparts, but they also frequently experienced sexual abuse at the hand of their enslavers who used stereotypes of black women's hypersexuality as justification.
Peter Hutchins Wood is an American historian and author of Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (1974). It has been described as one of the most influential books on the history of the American South of the past 50 years. A former professor at Duke University in North Carolina, Dr. Wood is now an adjunct professor in the History Department at the University of Colorado Boulder, where his wife, Elizabeth A. Fenn is a professor emeritus in the History Department.
During the British colonization of North America, the Thirteen Colonies provided England with an outlet for surplus population as well as a new market. The colonies exported naval stores, fur, lumber and tobacco to Britain, and food for the British sugar plantations in the Caribbean. The culture of the Southern and Chesapeake Colonies was different from that of the Northern and Middle Colonies and from that of their common origin in the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Slavery in Cuba was a portion of the larger Atlantic Slave Trade that primarily supported Spanish plantation owners engaged in the sugarcane trade. It was practised on the island of Cuba from the 16th century until it was abolished by Spanish royal decree on October 7, 1886.
Charles Ogilvie was a Scottish plantation owner, merchant and politician who sat in the British House of Commons in 1774 and 1775.
Haint blue is a collection of pale shades of blue-green that are traditionally used to paint porch ceilings in the Southern United States. Hex #D1EAEB is a popular shade of haint blue.
Slavery in South Carolina was widespread and systemic even when compared to other slave states. From the Pickney cousins at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to the scores of slave traders active in Charleston for decade upon decade to the Rhett–Keitt axis of Fire-Eaters in the 1850s, South Carolina white men arguably did more than any other single faction devoted to perpetuating slavery in the United States.
Jane from Bridge Town,, was an urban slave in Barbados under the ownership of John Wright. Jane's life illustrates a bigger picture regarding slavery and violence in the early eighteenth century. Jane was captured in West Africa and brought over through the Middle Passage to Barbados. She was described by her markings in her runaway ad which made Jane’s body seem vulnerable.
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America is a book about slavery among Native Americans and the European enslavement of Indigenous Americans. It was written by Andrés Reséndez and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2016.
Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina is a book written by S. Max Edelson and published by Harvard University Press in 2006. The work is about plantations, slavery, and economics in colonial South Carolina.
That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260–1500 is a book by Hannah Barker, published by University of Pennsylvania Press in 2019.
This is a bibliography of South Carolina history. It contains English language books and mainstream academic journal articles published after World War II.
References
Citations
- 1 2 3 Reidy 2016.
- ↑ Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life, University of Georgia Press, retrieved 21 February 2023
- 1 2 Littlefield 2014.
- ↑ Hatfield 2015.
- ↑ Salo 2016.
- 1 2 Lakwete 2015.
- 1 2 McDonald 2015.
- ↑ "Profile: Andrea Feeser", Clemson University, retrieved 21 February 2023
Reviews
- Hatfield, Megan (2015). "Reviewed work: Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life, Andrea Feeser". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 116 (1): 80–81. JSTOR 24638538.
- Lakwete, Angela (2015). "Reviewed work: Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life". Agricultural History. 89 (2): 296. doi:10.3098/ah.2015.089.2.296.
- Littlefield, Daniel C. (2014). "Reviewed work: Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life, Andrea Feeser". The American Historical Review. 119 (5): 1683–1684. doi:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1683. JSTOR 43698943.
- McDonald, Michelle Craig (2015). "Reviewed work: Red, White, and Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life, Andrea Feeser". The Business History Review. 89 (3): 590–593. doi:10.1017/S0007680515000860. JSTOR 43897582.
- Reidy, Joseph P. (2016). "Staple Crops as Windows into the World Where Slavery and Capitalism Once Coexisted". Reviews in American History. 44 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1353/rah.2016.0001. JSTOR 26363980. S2CID 155307939.
- Salo, Edward (2016). "Reviewed work: Red, White, & Black Make Blue: Indigo in the Fabric of Colonial South Carolina Life, Andrea Feeser". Material Culture. 48 (1): 72–74. JSTOR 44507776.