Newcastle or Greater Newcastle, locally nicknamed Newy, is a regional metropolitan area and the second-most-populated district in New South Wales, Australia. It includes the cities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie; it is the hub of the Lower Hunter region, which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie, City of Maitland, City of Cessnock, and Port Stephens Council.
The Hunter Region, also commonly known as the Hunter Valley, Newcastle Region, or simply Hunter, is a region in northern New South Wales, Australia, extending from approximately 162 km (101 mi) to 310 km (193 mi) north of Sydney. It contains the Hunter River and its tributaries with highland areas to the north and south. Situated at the northern end of the Sydney Basin bioregion, the Hunter Valley is one of the largest river valleys on the NSW coast, and is most commonly known for its wineries and coal industry.
The Sydney Basin is an interim Australian bioregion and is both a structural entity and a depositional area, now preserved on the east coast of New South Wales, Australia and with some of its eastern side now subsided beneath the Tasman Sea. The basin is named for the city of Sydney, on which it is centred.
Glenrock Lagoon, an intermediate fresh water small coastal creek, is located within the Lake Macquarie local government area in the Newcastle and Hunter regions of New South Wales, Australia. The lake is located near the Newcastle suburbs of Adamstown and Dudley and is situated about 153 kilometres (95 mi) north of Sydney.
Lake Macquarie is Australia's largest coastal lagoon. Located in the City of Lake Macquarie and Central Coast Council local government areas in the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia, it covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42.5 sq mi) and is connected to the Tasman Sea by a short channel. Most of the residents of the City of Lake Macquarie live near the shores of the lagoon.
Fassifern is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, Greater Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, located west of Lake Macquarie. The Sydney–Newcastle railway line runs through Fassifern railway station, which is a major station along the line. There used to be a branch line between Fassifern Station and nearby Toronto, but this has been replaced by a bus service, aptly named "The Train".
Fennell Bay is a lakeside suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, Greater Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia north of the town of Toronto on a bay of the same name, on the north western shore of Lake Macquarie.
Nobbys Head is a headland located on the southern entrance to Newcastle Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The headland is situated above the Hunter River and the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean.
The Wianamatta Group is a geological feature of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia that directly overlies the older Hawkesbury sandstone and generally comprise fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shales and laminites as well as less common sandstone units.
The Lake Macquarie Petrified Forest is a petrified pine tree forest at Fennell Bay, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia. Geologically it is located in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The nearest town is Swansea.
Archaeological evidence indicates that human beings have inhabited the area around Newcastle, New South Wales for at least 6500 years. In 2009, archaeologist uncovered over 5,534 Aboriginal artefacts, representing three occupation periods. In the 1820s, the Reverend Lancelot Threlkeld worked with local Awabakal man Biraban to record the Awabakal language. Since 1892, the Indigenous people of Newcastle have come to be known as the Awabakal.
The Narrabeen group of sedimentary rocks occurs in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This series of rocks was formed in the Triassic Period.
Geologically the Australian state of New South Wales consists of seven main regions: Lachlan Fold Belt, the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny or New England Orogen (NEO), the Delamerian Orogeny, the Clarence Moreton Basin, the Great Artesian Basin, the Sydney Basin, and the Murray Basin.
The geology of Queensland can be subdivided into several regions with different histories. Along the east coast is a complex of Palaezoic to Cainozoic rocks while much of the rest of the state is covered by Cretaceous and Cainozoic rocks. A Precambrian basement is found in the north west and Cape York regions. The Thomson Orogen occurs in the central and southern parts of Queensland, but is mostly covered by younger basins.
The Clarence Moreton Basin is a Mesozoic sedimentary basin on the easternmost part of the Australian continent. It is located in the far north east of the state of New South Wales around Lismore and Grafton and in the south east corner of Queensland. It is the part of the Great Artesian Basin that extends to the east coast in Australia's central eastern lowlands.
The coastal coal-carrying trade of New South Wales involved the shipping of coal—mainly for local consumption but also for export or coal bunkering—by sea to Sydney from the northern and southern coal fields of New South Wales. It took place in the 19th and 20th centuries. It should not be confused with the export coal trade, which still exists today. There was also an interstate trade, carrying coal and coke to other Australian states that did not have local sources of black coal.
Munmorah Conglomerate is a geologic formation in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This stratum is up to 140 metres thick. Formed in the early-Triassic, it is part of the Narrabeen Group of sedimentary rocks. This formation includes medium to coarse-grained sandstone and conglomerate. With minor amounts of siltstone and claystone. Below the Munmorah Conglomerates are Newcastle Coal Measures, originating from the Permian.
Newcastle Coal Measures is a major geologic formation in eastern Australia. Found in the Sydney Basin and Lachlan Orogen, this stratum is up to 1200 metres thick, consisting of dozens of different sub types. Formed between the Changhsingian and Wuchiapingian ages, around 256 to 252 Ma in the Permian. This formation includes coal seams, tuffaceous claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. Medium to coarse-grained sandstone is present, often noticed by bathers at the Bogey Hole. Volcanic constituents of the Newcastle Coal Measures include Nobbys Head, which features Nobbys Tuff.
Nobbys Tuff is a geologic formation in eastern Australia. Found in Newcastle within the Lachlan Orogen, this stratum is up to 25 metres thick. Formed from volcanic ash in an eruption in the Wuchiapingian age, in the late Permian around 255.02 Ma. This formation includes tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous siltstone, claystone, and chert. Often noticed at Nobbys Head in Newcastle.
Boolaroo Subgroup is a geologic formation in the Lachlan Orogen in eastern Australia in the Hunter Region. Formed in the late Permian, it is part of the Newcastle Coal Measures. This formation includes sandstone, conglomerate, tuff, and black coal. Belmont Conglomerate Member, part of the Boolaroo Subgroup can be seen at Caves Beach, New South Wales.
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