Rethinking

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Graffiti in Antwerp combines the English word, "Rethink" with Chinese letter styling. Rethinking with a Hint of Red - panoramio.jpg
Graffiti in Antwerp combines the English word, "Rethink" with Chinese letter styling.

Rethinking, reconsidering, or reconsideration, is the process of reviewing a decision or conclusion that has previously been made to determine whether the initial decision should be changed. Rethinking can occur immediately after a decision has been reached, or at any time thereafter. Informally, reconsidering a decision shortly after making it and before taking any action towards implementing it may be referred to as thinking twice or thinking again (most often phrased in the imperative, think twice or think again). [1]

Contents

In scholarship and academia

In scholarship, arguments favoring new approaches to established ideas are often phrased as "rethinking" of those concepts, or as those concepts "reconsidered", suggesting that a different conclusion would have been reached if more information was available at the time the original concept was developed, or if certain ramifications of the original concept had been more fully thought out at the time of its conception. English professor Mark Bauerlein has described rethinking in academia as a higher form of criticism, stating:

The term "rethinking" magnifies the revision into a profound meditation, an elemental departure from Western thought. That reflects well upon the critic. "Rethinking" grants the thinker a mastery over the material, a sophistication of attitude, an originality of approach. It consigns the past to antiquity and places the critic at the vanguard of thought. The difficulty of the endeavor solicits prudence from critics, but when the practice has become so common that it need not require justification, the elevation of critic into rethinker is a normal and necessary token of status. [2]

Examples of works, social efforts, or entities characterized as "rethinking" include:

Some academics have also reexamined prior thought under the rubric of "reconsideration", as with Culture Industry Reconsidered , a 1963 book by German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, and The American Revolution Reconsidered, a 1996 book by American historian Richard B. Morris.

In law and policy

In law, opportunities to request that certain decision-makers rethink or reconsider their decisions may be required by the rules under which the decision-makers operate. However, rules tend to provide for strict limitations on the timing or other circumstances of such a request. In parliamentary procedure, for example, a matter that was voted on could be brought back again through a "motion to reconsider". Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), such a motion must be made within a limited time after the action on the original motion: either on the same day or in the case of a multi-day session (such as a convention), on the next day within the session in which business is conducted. [9]

Many government agencies allow people seeking benefits from those agencies to request reconsideration of the denial of a claim to such a benefit. For example, the United States Copyright Office provides a mechanism for reconsideration of decisions denying copyright registration. [10] A mandatory reconsideration is a feature of the UK social security system by which an individual can challenge a decision that they disagree with for instance the decision not to award a benefit. Child Poverty Action Group state that a mandatory reconsideration is a prerequisite for an individual to appeal to a benefit tribunal. [11] However, the standard of review for requesting reconsideration may be higher than the standard for initially making the claim. In United States Federal Courts, for example, motions for reconsideration are not expressly allowed under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), but are often allowed by district courts under FRCP Rule 59(e)(3) ("to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice"), or Rule 60(b) (providing various grounds for relief from a final judgment). However, "reconsideration of a judgment is considered an extraordinary remedy which will be granted only sparingly". [12]

Related Research Articles

In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons that the filing party or parties believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whom the claim is brought that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy. For example, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) that govern civil litigation in United States courts provide that a civil action is commenced with the filing or service of a pleading called a complaint. Civil court rules in states that have incorporated the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure use the same term for the same pleading.

Grok is a neologism coined by American writer Robert A. Heinlein for his 1961 science fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land. While the Oxford English Dictionary summarizes the meaning of grok as "to understand intuitively or by empathy, to establish rapport with" and "to empathize or communicate sympathetically (with); also, to experience enjoyment", Heinlein's concept is far more nuanced, with critic Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. observing that "the book's major theme can be seen as an extended definition of the term." The concept of grok garnered significant critical scrutiny in the years after the book's initial publication. The term and aspects of the underlying concept have become part of communities such as computer science.

Thought Mental activity involving an individuals subjective consciousness

Thought encompasses a flow of ideas and associations that can lead to logical conclusions. Although thinking is an activity of an existential value for humans, there is still no consensus as to how it is adequately defined or understood.

Insanity Abnormal mental or behavioral patterns

Insanity, madness, and craziness are terms that describe a spectrum of individual and group behaviors that are characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity can be manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person or persons becoming a danger to themselves or to other people. Conceptually, mental insanity also is associated with the biological phenomenon of contagion as in the case of copycat suicides. In contemporary usage, the term insanity is an informal, un-scientific term denoting "mental instability"; thus, the term insanity defense is the legal definition of mental instability. In medicine, the general term psychosis is used to include the presence either of delusions or of hallucinations or both in a patient; and psychiatric illness is "psychopathology", not mental insanity.

<i>De minimis</i> Latin phrase: about minimal things

De minimis is a Latin expression meaning "pertaining to minimal things", normally in the terms de minimis non curat praetor or de minimis non curat lex, a legal doctrine by which a court refuses to consider trifling matters. Queen Christina of Sweden (r. 1633–1654) favoured the similar Latin adage, aquila non capitmuscās.

Idea Mental image or concept

Ideas are abstract concepts, in common usage and according to philosophy. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings. In a popular sense, an idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place. A new or an original idea can often lead to innovation.

Feeling was originally used to describe the physical sensation of touch through either experience or perception. The word is also used to describe other experiences, such as "a feeling of warmth" and of sentience in general. In psychology, the term feeling is closely related to emotion, and usually refers to the conscious subjective experience of emotions. The study of subjective experiences is referred to as phenomenology, whereas psychotherapy refers to a process whereby a therapist helps a client understand their own feelings and experiences. Feelings are also known as a state of consciousness.

Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be any asset, including an object, land or real estate, intellectual property, or until the nineteenth century, human beings. Ownership involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties.

A majority, also called a simple majority to distinguish it from similar terms, is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 20 individuals, a majority would be 11 or more individuals, while having 10 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority. "Majority" can be used to specify the voting requirement, as in a "majority vote", which means more than half of the votes cast.

Positioning refers to the place that a brand occupies in the minds of the customers and how it is distinguished from the products of the competitors and different from the concept of brand awareness. In order to position products or brands, companies may emphasize the distinguishing features of their brand or they may try to create a suitable image through the marketing mix. Once a brand has achieved a strong position, it can become difficult to reposition it.

Critical thinking is the analysis of facts to form a judgment. The subject is complex; several different definitions exist, which generally include the rational, skeptical, and unbiased analysis or evaluation of factual evidence. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem-solving abilities as well as a commitment to overcome native egocentrism and sociocentrism.

In law, an en banc session is a session in which a case is heard before all the judges of a court rather than by one judge or a panel of judges selected from them. The equivalent terms in banc, in banco or in bank are also sometimes seen.

An acclamation is a form of election that does not use a ballot. "Acclamation" or "acclamatio" can also signify a kind of ritual greeting and expression of approval in certain social contexts as in ancient Rome.

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern civil procedure in United States district courts. The FRCP are promulgated by the United States Supreme Court pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act, and then the United States Congress has seven months to veto the rules promulgated or they become part of the FRCP. The Court's modifications to the rules are usually based upon recommendations from the Judicial Conference of the United States, the federal judiciary's internal policy-making body.

<i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i> Distinction between concepts

The English adjective free is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (gratis) and "with little or no restriction" (libre). This ambiguity of free can cause issues where the distinction is important, as it often is in dealing with laws concerning the use of information, such as copyright and patents.

A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic.

Social Security Disability Insurance is a payroll tax-funded federal insurance program of the United States government. It is managed by the Social Security Administration and designed to provide monthly benefits to people who have a medically-determinable disability that restricts their ability to be employed. SSDI does not provide partial or temporary benefits but rather pays only full benefits and only pays benefits in cases in which the disability is "expected to last at least one year or result in death." Relative to disability programs in other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the SSDI program in the United States has strict requirements regarding eligibility.

Outline of thought Overview of and topical guide to thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

In parliamentary procedure, reconsideration of a motion may be done on a matter previously decided. The motion to "reconsider" is used for this purpose. This motion originated in the United States and is generally not used in parliaments. A special form of this motion is reconsider and enter on the minutes.

In parliamentary procedure, a motion is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action. Such motions, and the form they take, are specified by the deliberate assembly and/or a pre-agreed volume detailing parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, Newly Revised; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Critine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations.

References

  1. ↑ Angus Stevenson, ed., Oxford Dictionary of English (2010), p. 1848.
  2. ↑ Mark Bauerlein, Literary Criticism: An Autopsy (2013), p. 125.
  3. ↑ See Balibar, Étienne (1994). Masses, Classes, Ideas . New York: Routledge. p. xxii. and Elliott, Gregory (2006). Althusser: The Detour of Theory. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. xii.
  4. ↑ "Rethink Afghanistan: Filmmaker Robert Greenwald Launches Film Opposing Escalation of War". Democracy Now. 2 October 2009.
  5. ↑ Michael Appollonio (2013). "Rethinking Madness Review". Psychcentral.
  6. ↑ Benedict Carey (November 25, 2011). "Finding Purpose After Living With Delusion". New York Times.
  7. ↑ Gareth Jones, Rethink rebrands to clarify its role, 19 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  8. ↑ Chong, Kevin (3 June 2009). "Chris Staples of Rethink Advertising Reimagines Vancouver Advertising". BC Business. Vancouver. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009.
  9. ↑ Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 316. ISBN   978-0-306-82020-5.
  10. ↑ Requesting Reconsideration of a Refusal to Register a Copyright, Mask Work, or Vessel Hull Claim, last revised September 2016.
  11. ↑ "New appeals rules and procedures - Child Poverty Action Group". www.cpag.org.uk. August 2013.
  12. ↑ Berlik, Lee (June 4, 2014). "Motions to Reconsider - A Primer". LexisNexis.
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