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A communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend,detect,or apply language and speech to engage in dialogue effectively with others. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one's native language.
Echolalia is the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person. In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the echophenomena,closely related to echopraxia,the automatic repetition of movements made by another person;both are "subsets of imitative behavior" whereby sounds or actions are imitated "without explicit awareness". Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.
Reading for special needs has become an area of interest as the understanding of reading has improved. Teaching children with special needs how to read was not historically pursued due to perspectives of a Reading Readiness model. This model assumes that a reader must learn to read in a hierarchical manner such that one skill must be mastered before learning the next skill. This approach often led to teaching sub-skills of reading in a decontextualized manner. This style of teaching made it difficult for children to master these early skills,and as a result,did not advance to more advanced literacy instruction and often continued to receive age-inappropriate instruction.
Specific language impairment (SLI) is diagnosed when a child's language does not develop normally and the difficulties cannot be accounted for by generally slow development,physical abnormality of the speech apparatus,autism spectrum disorder,apraxia,acquired brain damage or hearing loss. Twin studies have shown that it is under genetic influence. Although language impairment can result from a single-gene mutation,this is unusual. More commonly SLI results from the combined influence of multiple genetic variants,each of which is found in the general population,as well as environmental influences.
Speech-language pathology is a healthcare field of expertise practiced globally. Speech-language pathology (SLP) specializes in the evaluation,diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of communication disorders,cognitive-communication disorders,voice disorders,and swallowing disorder across the lifespan. It is an independent profession that is sometimes considered a "related health profession" or allied health profession by professional bodies like the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and Speech Pathology Australia. Allied health professions include audiology,optometry,occupational therapy,rehabilitation psychology,physical therapy and others.
Auditory processing disorder (APD),rarely known as King-Kopetzky syndrome or auditory disability with normal hearing (ADN),is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the way the brain processes auditory information. Individuals with APD usually have normal structure and function of the outer,middle,and inner ear. However,they cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do,which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds,especially the sounds composing speech. It is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system. It is highly prevalent in individuals with other neurodevelopmental disorders,such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Autism Spectrum Disorders,Dyslexia,and Sensory Processing Disorder.
In psychiatry,stilted speech or pedantic speech is communication characterized by situationally-inappropriate formality. This formality can be expressed both through abnormal prosody as well as speech content that is "inappropriately pompous,legalistic,philosophical,or quaint". Often,such speech can act as evidence for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or a thought disorder,a common symptom in schizophrenia or schizoid personality disorder.
Dorothy Vera Margaret Bishop is a British psychologist specialising in developmental disorders specifically,developmental language impairments. She is Professor of Developmental Neuropsychology and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow in the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford,where she has been since 1998. Bishop is Principal Investigator for the Oxford Study of Children's Communication Impairments (OSCCI). She is a supernumary fellow of St John's College,Oxford.
A late talker is a toddler experiencing late language emergence (LLE),which can also be an early or secondary sign of an autism spectrum disorder,or other developmental disorders,such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,intellectual disability,learning disability,social communication disorder,or specific language impairment. Lack of language development,comprehension skills,and challenges with literacy skills are potential risks as late talkers age. Outlook for late talkers with or without intervention is generally favorable. Toddlers have a high probability of catching up to typical toddlers if early language interventions are put in place. Language interventions include general language stimulation,focused language stimulation and milieu teaching.
Howard C. Shane is director of the Autism Language Program and Communication Enhancement Program at Children's Hospital in Boston,Massachusetts,former director of the Institute on Applied Technology,and associate professor at Harvard Medical School. He is internationally known for his research and development of augmented and alternative communication systems to support the communication needs of people with neuromuscular disorders,autism and other disabilities.
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is identified when a child has problems with language development that continue into school age and beyond. The language problems have a significant impact on everyday social interactions or educational progress,and occur in the absence of autism spectrum disorder,intellectual disability or a known biomedical condition. The most obvious problems are difficulties in using words and sentences to express meanings,but for many children,understanding of language is also a challenge. This may not be evident unless the child is given a formal assessment.
Caroline Bowen is a speech pathologist who was born in New Zealand,and who has lived and worked in Australia most of her life. She specialises in children's speech sound disorders. Her clinical career as a speech-language pathologist spanned 42 years from 1970 to 2011.
Susan Ellis Weismer is a language and communication scientist known for her work on language development in children with specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). She is the Oros Family Chair and Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin–Madison,where she is a Principal Investigator and Director of the Language Processes Lab. She has also served as the Associate Dean for Research,College of Letters and Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
James Bruce Tomblin is a language and communication scientist and an expert on the epidemiology and genetics of developmental language disorders (DLD). He holds the position of Professor Emeritus of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Iowa.
Marilyn Adrienne Nippold is language and communications scientist with expertise in adolescent language development and disorders. She is Professor in Communication Disorders and Sciences at the University of Oregon. Nippold is author of several books on adolescent language development,including Later Language Development:The School-age and Adolescent Years and Language Sampling with Adolescents:Implications for Intervention.
Nicola Botting is a language and communication scientist whose work focuses on language and psychological outcomes of children with low birth weight,autism spectrum disorder,developmental language disorder,and other developmental disabilities. She is Professor of Developmental Disorders,Language &Communication Science at the City University of London. Botting is editor-in-chief of the journal Autism &Developmental Language Impairments.
Lauren Bernstein Adamson was a developmental psychologist known for her research on communicative development,parent-child interaction,and joint attention in infants with typical and atypical developmental trajectories. She was a Regents' Professor Emerita of Psychology at Georgia State University.
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD) - previously called semantic-pragmatic disorder (SPD) or pragmatic language impairment (PLI) - is a disorder in understanding pragmatic aspects of language. People with SPCD have special challenges with the semantic aspect of language and the pragmatics of language. Individuals have difficulties with verbal and nonverbal social communication.
Elena Margaret Plante is a researcher and speech-language pathologist specializing in developmental language disorders in children and adults. She holds the position of Professor and previously was Head of the Department of Speech,Language,and Hearing Sciences (SLHS) at the University of Arizona (UA). She is the principal investigator at the eponymous Plante Laboratory at UA. Plante is also affiliated with the Cognitive Science program at UA.
Janna Beth Oetting is a researcher and speech-language pathologist specializing in the cross-dialectal study of childhood language development and developmental language disorders.
References
- ↑ "Rhea Paul, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, Research Scientist, Haskins Laboratories". Haskins Laboratories. Yale University. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- 1 2 "Editor's Awards | | ASHA Publication Websites". pubs.asha.org. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ↑ Paul, Rhea (1996-05-01). "Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 5 (2): 5–21. doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0502.05.
- ↑ "Slifka/Ritvo Autism Research Award". autism-insar.org.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Honors of the Association Recipients". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
- ↑ Paul, R. (1982). Children's understanding of surface structure cues to given/new information in sentences. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison].
- ↑ Paul, R.; Cohen, D. J. (1982). "Communication Development and Its Disorders: A Psycholinguistic Perspective". Schizophrenia Bulletin. pp. 279–293. doi:10.1093/schbul/8.2.279. PMID 7112042 . Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ↑ Paul, Rhea; Wetherby, Amy (2018-12-17). "New Autism Collaboration Develops Practices in Communication Assessment for SLPs". The ASHA Leader. 10 (3): 11–12. doi:10.1044/leader.ftr7.10032005.11.
- ↑ Heart, Sacred. "Grant Will Train SHU Students to Help Children with Autism". Sacred Heart University. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
- ↑ Bishop, Dorothy V.M.; Snowling, Margaret J.; Thompson, Paul A.; Greenhalgh, Trisha; and the CATALISE-2 consortium (2017). "Phase 2 of CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development: Terminology". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 58 (10): 1068–1080. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12721. PMC 5638113 . PMID 28369935.
- ↑ Volkers, Nancy (2018). "Diverging Views on Language Disorders". The ASHA Leader. 23 (12): 44–53. doi:10.1044/leader.ftr1.23122018.44. S2CID 150198439 . Retrieved 2022-10-19.
