Richard Argentine, alias Sexten, M.D, (died 1568), was an English physician and divine.
Argentine went to Ipswich 'in a serving-man's coat,' and afterwards was successively usher and master of Ipswich School, the grammar school in that town. Here he also practised as a physician and read a lecture in divinity. He was created M.D. by the University of Cambridge in 1541. [1]
With the accession of Edward VI to the throne of England Argentine participated in the consequential enthusiasm for protestantism. He contributed to the history of printing in Ipswich by inviting Anthony Scoloker to come to the town and establish the first printing press their.
Scoloker printed three of Argentine's books in 1548:
Although Argentine's patron, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth, had attained the post of Lord Chamberlain in 1550, he died in 1551 and was succeeded to the title by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth. The 2nd Baron originally persuaded the Ipswich elite to declare Lady Jane Grey Queen of England. However, he promptly defected to join the campaign Queen Mary to succeed Edward. Mary was rallying her supporters at Framlingham Castle, and soon had major local support and was welcomed to Ipswich as she made her way to London. [2] Argentine was amongst many local people who followed 2nd Baron Wentworth. Indeed he became a prominent local Catholic activist.
In 1555 he became an advocate for the learning of the Arabic language in England. [3] He delivered a lecture at both Oxford and Cambridge universities arguing that the study of Arabic would help the development of medicine. [4] A manuscript of his lecture, Ad Oxonienses et Cantabrigienses pro lingua Arabica beneficio principum restituenda has been preserved in the Bodleian Library.
Having lost his wife, he had himself ordained and was conspicuous by his advocacy of Catholic principles, and by persecuting the reformers. He was appointed parish priest at both St Helen's and St Clement's, Ipswich, in 1556. At the same time he continued in his role as schoolmaster at Ipswich School. He was appointed parish priest at both St Helen's and St Clement's, Ipswich, in 1556. At the same time he continued in his role as schoolmaster at Ipswich School. In 1557 he gained two more benefices: St Mary's Whitton and St Michael's Brantham. The later he gained from the sponsorship of Robert Wingfield, [5] an ardent local catholic who had he played host at his Ipswich home to Queen Mary during her journey to London. Argentine is mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs in relation to the persecution of Agnes Wardall in July 1556. [6]
Shortly before the death of Queen Mary in 1558 he moved to London, following the accession Elizabeth he retained his rectory by again becoming a protestant. In January 1563-4 he appears to have been living at Exeter, but the statement that he was a prebendary of Exeter and Wells is without foundation. He probably died in 1568, when his rectory at Ipswich became vacant. [7]
John Day was an English Protestant printer. He specialised in printing and distributing Protestant literature and pamphlets, and produced many small-format religious books, such as ABCs, sermons, and translations of psalms. He found fame, however, as the publisher of John Foxe's Actes and Monuments, also known as the Book of Martyrs, the largest and most technologically accomplished book printed in sixteenth-century England.
Robert Crowley, was a stationer, poet, polemicist and Protestant clergyman among Marian exiles at Frankfurt. He seems to have been a Henrician Evangelical in favour of a more reformed Protestantism than the king and the Church of England sanctioned. Under Edward VI, he joined a London network of evangelical stationers to argue for reforms, sharing a vision of his contemporaries Hugh Latimer, Thomas Lever, Thomas Beccon and others of England as a reformed Christian commonwealth. He attacked as inhibiting reform what he saw as corruption and uncharitable self-interest among the clergy and wealthy. Meanwhile, Crowley took part in making the first printed editions of Piers Plowman, the first translation of the Gospels into Welsh, and the first complete metrical psalter in English, which was also the first to include harmonised music. Towards the end of Edward's reign and later, Crowley criticised the Edwardian Reformation as compromised and saw the dissolution of the monasteries as replacing one form of corruption by another. On his return to England after the reign of Mary I, Crowley revised his chronicle to represent the Edwardian Reformation as a failure, due to figures like Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. Crowley's account of the Marian martyrs represented them as a cost mostly paid by commoners. The work became a source for John Foxe's account of the period in his Actes and Monuments. Crowley held church positions in the early to mid-1560s and sought change from the pulpit and within the church hierarchy. Against the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, Crowley was a leader in the renewed vestments controversy, which eventually lost him his clerical posts. During the dispute he and other London clergy produced a "first Puritan manifesto". Late in life Crowley was restored to several church posts and appears to have charted a more moderate course in defending it from Roman Catholicism and from nonconformist factions that espoused a Presbyterian church polity.
Strangers' church was a term used by English-speaking people for independent Protestant churches established in foreign lands or by foreigners in England during the Reformation.
John Willock was a Scottish reformer. He appears to have been a friar of the Franciscan House at Ayr. Having joined the party of reform before 1541, he fled for his life to England. There he became noted as a zealous and taking preacher. This led to his arrest for heresy under an Act of Henry VIII., "for abolishing diversity of opinion" in matters of religion. He was found guilty of preaching against purgatory, holy water, priestly confession, and prayer to the saints, and of holding that priests might lawfully be married, he was for some time confined in the Fleet prison. After the accession of Edward VI he was chaplain to Henry, Duke of Suffolk, who had married King Henry's niece, and is best known as the father of Lady Jane Grey. He preached for a time in London, in St Katherine's Church, when both he and John Knox, his fast friend, were granted general license to preach anywhere in England. Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, presented him to the rectory of Loughborough in Leicestershire, a living which he continued to hold during King Edward's reign, and again during that of Queen Elizabeth for the rest of his life. Thus in his later years he was in the unique position of being at the same time a parish minister in both England and Scotland. When Mary Tudor came to the English throne in 1553, Willock fled to Embden, in the Protestant Duchy of Friesland. There he practised as a physician with much success, and rose to some eminence. In 1555, and again in 1556, the Duchess Anne of Friesland sent him to Scotland as her Commissioner on matters of trade. In 1558 he returned home, and preached for some time in Dundee, with much acceptance among the friends of reform. In 1559, when John Knox had to leave Edinburgh in peril of his life, Willook took his place as the evangelist of the Reformation. It was then that he conducted in St Giles what is believed to have been the earliest public celebration of the Holy Communion in Scotland after the reformed ritual. In 1560, when Queen Mary of Guise lay dying, the Earls of Argyll and Moray, and other Lords of the Congregation advised her to "send for a godly, learned man of whom she might receive instruction"; and Willock was chosen to minister to her, which he faithfully did. That same year he was made Superintendent of Glasgow and the West. He was also one of the six Johns entrusted with the drawing up of the First Book of Discipline, the others being John Knox, John Winram, John Spottiswood, John Douglas, and John Row. Sometime in that year he went to England, and brought home his wife, Katherine Picknavell, an English lady. He was chosen Moderator of the General Assembly in 1563, 1564, 1565, and 1568. In 1565 Queen Mary endeavoured to put a stop to his activity by having him imprisoned in Dumbarton Castle; but the Reformers were now too strong for her, and she had to depart from her purpose.
John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford was born to John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford and Elizabeth Trussell, daughter of Edward Trussell. He was styled Lord Bolebec 1526 to 1540 before he succeeded to his father's title.
Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth was an English peer, courtier, administrator and military commander during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth. His reputation suffered through the surrender of Calais in 1558, which occurred under his command.
Henry Cole was an English Roman Catholic churchman and academic.
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Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell, the son of Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell and Elizabeth Seymour, was an English peer during the reign of Elizabeth I. He was the grandson of Henry VIII's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, 1st earl of Essex, nephew of the Protector Somerset and first cousin of Edward VI.
John Williams, 1st Baron Williams of Thame was Master of the Jewels and Lord President of the Council of the Welsh Marches. He was summoned to parliament as Lord Williams of Thame on 17 February 1554.
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Thomas Martin (1521-1593), of Winterbourne St. Martin, Dorset; Steeple Morden, Cambridgeshire, and London, was an English lawyer, controversialist and politician. He was prominent in the trial of Thomas Cranmer.
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St Helen's Church, Ipswich is an Anglican church in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. The church is built from knapped flint rubble with additional stone and white brick dressings. Although some of the building dates back to the medieval period, the building was substantially altered in the nineteenth century.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cooper, Thompson (1885). "Argentine, Richard". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co.