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The Inquisition was a medieval Catholic judicial procedure where the ecclesiastical judges could initiate,investigate and try cases,and later a name for various State-organized tribunals whose aim was to combat heresy,apostasy,blasphemy,witchcraft,and other dangers,using this procedure. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances,but convictions of unrepentant heresy were handed over to the secular courts for the application of local law,which generally resulted in execution or life imprisonment. If the accused was known to be lying,a single short application of non-maiming torture was allowed,to corroborate evidence.
Marranos is a term for Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted to Christianity,either voluntarily or by Spanish or Portuguese royal coercion,during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,but who continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it. They are also called crypto-Jews,the term increasingly preferred in scholarly works over Marranos.
Tomás de Torquemada,also anglicized as Thomas of Torquemada,was a Castilian Dominican friar and first Grand Inquisitor of the Tribunal of the Holy Office. The Spanish Inquisition was a group of ecclesiastical prelates created in 1478 and charged with the somewhat ill-defined task of "upholding Catholic religious orthodoxy" within the lands of the newly formed union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon. The lands of this newly formed royal union are now known as the Kingdom of Spain.
A converso,"convert",was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal,particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries,or one of their descendants.
Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith;practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews".
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon,whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins,being both descended from John I of Castile;to remove the obstacle that this consanguinity would otherwise have posed to their marriage under canon law,they were given a papal dispensation by Sixtus IV. They married on October 19,1469,in the city of Valladolid;Isabella was 18 years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Most scholars generally accept that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their reign was called by W.H. Prescott "the most glorious epoch in the annals of Spain".
Anusim is a legal category of Jews in halakha who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will,typically while forcibly converted to another religion. The term "anusim" is most properly translated as the "coerced [ones]" or the "forced [ones]".
Diego de Deza y Tavera was a theologian and inquisitor of Spain. He was one of the more notable figures in the Spanish Inquisition,and succeeded Tomás de Torquemada to the post of Grand Inquisitor.
New Christian was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction referring to the population of former Jewish and Muslim converts to Christianity in the Spanish and Portuguese empires,and their respective colonies in the New World. The term was used from the 15th century onwards primarily to describe the descendants of the Sephardic Jews and Moors that were baptized into the Catholic Church following the Alhambra Decree of 1492. The Alhambra Decree,also known as the Edict of Expulsion,was an anti-Jewish law made by the Catholic Monarchs upon the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula. It required Jews to convert to Roman Catholicism or be expelled from Spain. Most of the history of the "New Christians" refers to the Jewish converts,who were generally known as Conversos,while the Muslim converts were called Moriscos.
The Alhambra Decree was an edict issued on 31 March 1492,by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate the influence of practising Jews on Spain's large formerly-Jewish converso New Christian population,to ensure the latter and their descendants did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. Due to continuing attacks,around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. A further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in the years leading up to the expulsion of Spain's estimated 300,000 Jewish origin population,a total of over 200,000 had converted to Roman Catholicism in order to remain in Spain,and between 40,000 and 100,000 remained Jewish and suffered expulsion. An unknown number of the expelled eventually succumbed to the pressures of life in exile away from formerly-Jewish relatives and networks back in Spain,and so converted to Roman Catholicism to be allowed to return in the years following expulsion.:17
The Mexican Inquisition was an extension of the Spanish Inquisition into New Spain. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was not only a political event for the Spanish,but a religious event as well. In the early 16th century,the Reformation,the Counter-Reformation,and the Inquisition were in full force in most of Europe. The Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon had just conquered the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula,the kingdom of Granada,giving them special status within the Catholic realm,including great liberties in the conversion of the native peoples of Mesoamerica. When the Inquisition was brought to the New World,it was employed for many of the same reasons and against the same social groups as suffered in Europe itself,minus the Indigenous to a large extent. Almost all of the events associated with the official establishment of the Palace of the Inquisition occurred in Mexico City,where the Holy Office had its own major building. The official period of the Inquisition lasted from 1571 to 1820,with an unknown number of individuals prosecuted.
Limpieza de sangre,also known as limpeza de sangue or neteja de sang,literally 'cleanliness of blood' and meaning 'blood purity',was a racially discriminatory term used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires during the early modern period to refer to those who were considered to be Old Christians by virtue of not having Muslim,Jewish,Romani,or Agote ancestors. In both empires,the term played a major role in discrimination against suspected crypto-Jews or crypto-Muslims. Over the years it manifested into law which excluded New Christians from almost every part of society.
The Portuguese Inquisition,officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal,was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III. Although King Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition in 1515 to fulfill the commitment of his marriage with Maria of Aragon,it was only after his death that Pope Paul III acquiesced. In the period after the Medieval Inquisition,it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition,along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition. The Goa Inquisition was an extension of the Portuguese Inquisition in colonial-era Portuguese India. The Portuguese Inquisition was terminated in 1821.
Jacob Barsimson was one of the earliest Jewish settlers at New Amsterdam,and the earliest identified Jewish settler within the present limits of the state of New York. He was an Ashkenazi Jew of Central European background.
The historical revision of the Inquisition is a historiographical process that started to emerge in the 1970s,with the opening of formerly closed archives,the development of new historical methodologies,and,in Spain,the death of the ruling dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. New works of historical revisionism changed our knowledge of the history of the Roman and Spanish Inquisitions.
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition,was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs,King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. It began toward the end of the Reconquista and was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition,which was under papal control. It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition,along with the Roman Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition.
The Xuetes are a social group on the Spanish island of Majorca,in the Mediterranean Sea,who are descendants of Majorcan Jews that either were conversos or were Crypto-Jews,forced to keep their religion hidden. They practiced strict endogamy by marrying only within their own group. Many of their descendants observe a syncretist form of Christian worship known as Xueta Christianity.
The history of the Jews in Mexico began in 1519 with the arrival of Conversos,often called Marranos or "Crypto-Jews",referring to those Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the Spanish Inquisition.
António Fernando de Vasconcelos Nogueira is a Portuguese philosopher,Social Science researcher,author,dramatist,and freelance journalist.
The Inquisition in the Netherlands was an extension of the Papal Inquisition in the Netherlands,established during the reign of Charles V. Although it was widely believed at the time that the government intended to introduce the Spanish Inquisition into the Netherlands,the Inquisition in the Netherlands remained separate from that of Spain.
Apart from the short-lived attempt by Charles V to establish a special court for the pursuit of heretics in 1522,there never was any scheme to establish a Holy Office of the sort known in Castile in the Netherlands.
References
- ↑ "Kagan, Richard L." CEEH. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
- ↑ «Richard Kagan». The Johns Hopkins University. April 25, 2018
- ↑ "Richard Kagan". The Academy at Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
- ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
- ↑ "Académicos Correspondientes extranjeros". Real Academia de la Historia.
- ↑ Owens, J. B. (1975). «Review of Students and Society in Early Modern Spain». The American Journal of Legal History 19 (4): 334-336.
- ↑ Clavero, Bartolomé (1982). «Review of Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500-1700». The Journal of Modern History 54 (3): 604-606.
- ↑ Herr, Richard (1992). «Review of Lucrecia's Dreams: Politics and Prophecy in Sixteenth-Century Spain». The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22 (3): 513-515.
- ↑ Kagan, Richard L. (1990). Lucrecia's Dreams: Politics and Prophecy in Sixteenth-Century Spain (en inglés). University of California Press.
- ↑ Mallory, Nina A. (1992). «Review of Spanish Cities of the Golden Age: The Views of Anton van den Wyngaerde». Renaissance Quarterly 45 (4): 859-862.
- ↑ Schwaller, John F. (1996). «Review of Spain, Europe and the Atlantic World: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott». The Sixteenth Century Journal 27 (1): 185-187
- ↑ Bleznick, Donald W. (2003). «Review of Spain in America: The Origins of Hispanism in the United States»
- ↑ Petry, Yvonne (2006). «Review of Inquisitorial Inquiries: Brief Lives of Secret Jews & Other Heretics». Journal of Church and State 48 (3): 695-697
- ↑ Schaposchnik, Ana (2011). «Review of Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500-1800». Journal of World History 22 (4): 855-857
- ↑ Kagan, Richard L. (2010). Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain
