Risus sardonicus

A classical sign of Tetanus, risus sardonicus is a form of facial dystonia producing a fixed smiling or grinning expression.

Risus sardonicus or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning. It may be caused by tetanus, ^{[1] [2]} strychnine poisoning, or Wilson's disease, and has been reported after execution by hanging.^{[ medical citation needed ]}

The condition's name, associated with the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin", which can appear sardonic or malevolent to the lay observer, displayed by those experiencing these muscle spasms.

Causes

It is most often observed as a sign of tetanus. ^[3] It can also be caused by poisoning with strychnine ^[4] or Wilson's disease.

In 2009, scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont wrote that they had identified hemlock water-dropwort ( Oenanthe crocata ) as the plant historically responsible for producing the sardonic grin. ^{[5] [6]} This plant is the most likely candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant used perhaps for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Nuragic Sardinia. ^[7]

See also

• Joker (character)
• Mr. Sardonicus
• Sardonicism
• Smile (2022 film)
• The Man Who Laughs (1928 film)
• Trismus
• Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus , a 1970 music album by Spirit

References

1. "Tetanus: Clinical Presentation". Medscape.
2. Kobayashi, A.; Iwasaki, H. (2017). "Tetanus attacks an old person with inadequate vaccination showing 'Risus Sardonicus' face". IDCases. 10: 38–39. doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2017.08.009. PMC   5577402 . PMID   28875124.
3. "Tetanus". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
4. Bryson, Peter D. (1996). Comprehensive Reviews in Toxicology: For Emergency Clinicians. CRC Press. p. 791. ISBN   978-1560326120.
5. News Scan Briefs: Killer Smile, Scientific American, August 2009
6. G. Appendino; F. Pollastro; L. Verotta; M. Ballero; A. Romano; P. Wyrembek; K. Szczuraszek; J. W. Mozrzymas; O. Taglialatela-Scafati (2009). "Polyacetylenes from Sardinian Oenanthe fistulosa: A Molecular Clue to risus sardonicus". Journal of Natural Products. 72 (5): 962–965. Bibcode:2009JNAtP..72..962A. doi:10.1021/np8007717. PMC   2685611 . PMID   19245244.
7. Redazione (2023-01-23). "Il sacrificio degli anziani nella Sardegna antica, tra mito e tracce storiche". Query Online (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-22.