Robert K. Trench

Last updated
Robert Kent Trench
Alma mater University of California, Los Angeles
University of the West Indies
Scientific career
Institutions University of California, Santa Barbara
Thesis The physiology and biochemistry of Zooxanthellae symbiotic with manne coelenterates  (1969)

Robert Kent Trench (August 3, 1940 - April 27, 2021) was an American Biologist who was a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research considered corals and symbiotic algae, with a focus on the adaption of zooxanthellae. He was awarded the 1994 International Society of Endocytobiology Miescher-Ishida Prize.

Contents

Early life and education

Trench was born in Belize City in British Honduras. [1] Where he was raised by his grandmother and lived in close proximity to the islands along Belize’s barrier reef. As a result would spend a lot of his free time in the water around them which led him to grow close to nature. For school he attended the Jesuit High School in Belize City. He would often cite the education he received there as serving him for the rest of his life. This in combination with his relationship with nature is likely what led to his successful career in marine science. [2] He earned his undergraduate degree at the University of the West Indies. He moved to the University of California, Los Angeles for his doctoral research, where he focussed on invertebrate zoology in the laboratory of Leonard Muscatine. [1] Trench earned his doctorate in 1969 and moved to the University of Oxford as a postdoctoral fellow. [3]

Research and career

Trench became an assistant professor of Biology at Yale University in 1972 before moving in 1976 and joining the staff at University of California Santa Barbara as a professor. While at UCSB he taught a course on the biology and geology of coral reefs as well as a co-instructor for an Invertebrate biology course. He was once quoted about his teaching saying, “I want to teach them how to learn on their own, so that I become irrelevant.” After 28 years he retired from teaching in 2000. [2] [4] His research considered corals and symbiotic algae, with a focus on the adaption of zooxanthellae and how they adapt to different coral environments. He studied dinoflagellates, which can be used as an indicator of water quality. [5]

Some of Trench’s most impactful work is his research on animal-dinoflagellate mutualisms. Trench redefined the global perspective on host/symbiont relationships. During the 1970s and 1980s, the prevailing view on this symbiosis was that the host dominated the relationship and fully controlled the symbiont. Through his research, Trench challenged this mindset and concluded that the symbiont’s attributes are critical to the establishment and maintenance of the symbiotic relationship. [4]

Trench pursued his doctoral degree at the University of California, Los Angeles under the guidance of his advisor, Leonard Muscatine. Muscatine used radioactive Carbon-14 to measure the exchange rates of carbon from the symbiont to the animal. Here, Trench focused his dissertation research on the transfer rates and total amounts of photosynthetically fixed carbon translocated to the animal from its symbiont. By isolating various symbionts from their hosts, Trench determined that different symbionts did not produce the same photosynthetic products. This work foreshadowed the idea we now hold to be true today: not all symbionts are the same. This work further proved the symbiont also plays a critical role in the host’s life. [4]

Trench’s first research paper was published in the journal Nature (journal) in 1969 on the topic of photosynthetic animals. It was published while Trench was a post-doctoral scholar at Oxford University but still remains one of his favorites. While research at the time rejected the importance of agal chloroplasts in sea slug, his research disproved this belief. Trench demonstrated that even after being engulfed by the sea slug’s digestive cells, the ingested chloroplasts were still functional. His work showed that the chloroplasts continued to photosynthesize for extended periods of time following engulfment and functioned as “captive” intracellular organelles. The animals reaped the benefits of additional and reliable nutrients from their photosynthetic inhabitants. Trench was awarded the Miescher-Ishida Prize for his innovative work. [4]

In 1972, Trench moved to Yale University as an Assistant Professor where his research dissertation was mentored by Luigi Provasoli. Trench built on Provasoli’s work by isolating numerous cell cultures from various hosts. From this, Trench, along with his graduate student Dave Schoenberg, showed that isolated cultures were fundamentally different when grown under the same environmental conditions such as nutrient, light, and temperature. Using karyotypes, they also showed that the genus Symbiodinium sensu late comprised more than just one species. [4]

Trench moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1976. Trench guided the first detailed research examining the differences in photo physiological capacities of different symbiont species. This work contributed to the characterization of the photosynthetic apparatus of dinoflagellates. By doing so, they found that different species possessed distinct photo physiological adaptations. [4]

Trench’s lab also showed that these symbionts are sensitive to temperature stress, a crisis we are currently facing known as Coral bleaching. Additionally, Trench established the functional biological and ecological significance of symbiont diversity to reef-building corals. Trench worked with his graduate student Roberto Igelsias-Prieto to develop a concept on how host-symbiont combinations partially determine coral physiological responses to environmental pressures. Their work also explained how corals possessing large biogeographic distributions could occupy a broad range of habitats and depths. The groundbreaking research Trench did on corals laid the foundations for current coral restoration efforts. Much of Trench’s lab work was focused in the laboratory. His lab used Aiptasia and Cassiopea as experimental models to study host-symbiont relationships under controlled conditions. Using these models, they helped to characterize the cellular processes involved in host-symbiont relationships as well as determine patterns of host-symbiont specificity. [4]

To extend on his interests in symbiotic relationships, Trench studied the mutualism between single-celled flagellates (cyanophora paradoza) and photosynthetic bacteria (cyanocyta korshikoffiana). From this, he determined that the flagellates rely on the photosynthetic processes of the cyanobacteria making it a mutually obligate relationship. This relationship is an ideal model for studying the evolution of chloroplasts. Much of Trench’s work and original insights remain the basis of ongoing investigations today. [4]


In 1984 Trench was awarded a Queen Elizabeth II to move to Australia and study the Great Barrier Reef. [3] He visited the James Cook University, where he analyzed the enzymes in the algae within coral tissues. [3]

In 1994 he was awarded the International Society of Endocytobiology Miescher-Ishida Prize. [6] In 2010 he was awarded the Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Lifetime Achievement Award.

He serves as an advisor for the Global Coral Reef Alliance. [7] He retired from academic science in 2000,

Experience as a Minority in Science

Bob’s roots were a melting pot consisting of indigenous Central American, Spanish, African, and Jewish lineages. As a result he encountered many acts of racism in his years in the United States. On several occasions while at UCSB Trench was stopped and questioned by police because he did not “look like he belonged on campus.” Even more unfairly Bob would have to watch as his white colleagues were given grants for their research as he was told his work was “too interdisciplinary” to receive any grants and was never given a proper review. Regarding this he was quoted as saying “No matter what I do in science, to some people I will always just be a [slur]...” to his long term colleague and friend Tom Goreau Jr. Tom Goreau Jr’s father, Tom Goreau Sr. had been training Bob to be the Director of the Discovery Bay Marine Lab (DBML) after he finished his Post-Doctoral fellowship at Oxford University and could return to Jamaica, when he suddenly died of cancer in 1970. This placed the control of the Director of the DBML in the hands of the British Zoology Department who immediately eliminated Bob from contention as they decided a White man was needed for the position. Despite all of this, Bob was never afraid of vocalizing his experience as a minority and the racial biases that he encountered. He hoped that his responses to these situations would help to inspire future students and peers. [2] [4]

Selected publications

Goreau, Thomas J. Trench, Robert Kent (2013). Innovative methods of marine ecosystem restoration. CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4665-5773-4. OCLC   873617993.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Iglesias-Prieto, R.; Matta, J. L.; Robins, W. A.; Trench, R. K. (1992-11-01). "Photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (21): 10302–10305. Bibcode:1992PNAS...8910302I. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10302 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   50326 . PMID   11607337.

Iglesias-Prieto, R; Trench, RK (1994). "Acclimation and adaptation to irradiance in symbiotic dinoflagellates. I. Responses of the photosynthetic unit to changes in photon flux density". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 113: 163–175. Bibcode:1994MEPS..113..163I. doi: 10.3354/meps113163 . ISSN   0171-8630.

Trench, Robert K.; Blank, Rudolf J. (1987). "Symbiodinium Microadriaticum Freudenthal, S. Goreauii Sp. Nov., S. Kawagutii Sp. Nov. And S. Pilosum Sp. Nov.: Gymnodinioid Dinoflagellate Symbionts of Marine Invertebrates". Journal of Phycology. 23 (3): 469–481. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb02534.x. ISSN   0022-3646. S2CID   83712799.

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An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living".) Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside reef-building corals and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coral</span> Marine invertebrates of the class Anthozoa

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zooxanthellae</span> Dinoflagellates in symbiosis with coral, jellyfish and nudibranchs

Zooxanthellae is a colloquial term for single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with diverse marine invertebrates including demosponges, corals, jellyfish, and nudibranchs. Most known zooxanthellae are in the genus Symbiodinium, but some are known from the genus Amphidinium, and other taxa, as yet unidentified, may have similar endosymbiont affinities. The true Zooxanthella K.brandt is a mutualist of the radiolarian Collozoum inerme and systematically placed in Peridiniales. Another group of unicellular eukaryotes that partake in similar endosymbiotic relationships in both marine and freshwater habitats are green algae zoochlorellae.

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Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, rhizobia living in root nodules of legumes provide nitrogen fixing activity for these plants. Symbiosis was first defined by Marko de Bary in 1869 in a work entitled "Die Erscheinung der Symbiose" in which he defined the term as "namely, the living together of parasite and host". The definition of symbiosis has evolved to encompass a sustained relationship between two or more different organisms "over a considerable fraction of the life of the host." In addition, this relationship is often beneficial for at least one of the organisms involved. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits. Mutualism is when both organisms benefit. Lastly, parasitism is when one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed. Organisms can also be involved in multiple of these symbiotic relationships simultaneously.

<i>Symbiodinium</i> Genus of dinoflagellates (algae)

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References

  1. 1 2 Fikes, Robert (2007-01-23). "Robert K. Trench (1940- ) •" . Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  2. 1 2 3 Goreau, Tom (2021-12-22). "Robert Kent Trench: In Memoriam". Global Coral Reef Alliance. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  3. 1 2 3 California (System), University of (1984). University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California. Office of Official Publications, University of California.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LaJeunesse, Todd C.; Banaszak, Anastazia T.; Fisher, Charles R.; Shick, J. Malcolm; Warner, Mark E.; Porter, James W.; Kuris, Armand M.; Iglesias-Prieto, Roberto; Fitt, William K. (2021-12-01). "Robert Kent Trench (1940–2021): a life devoted to symbiotic mutualisms and seeking nature's truth". Symbiosis. 85 (3): 393–400. doi: 10.1007/s13199-021-00817-w . ISSN   1878-7665.
  5. ↑ Trench, Robert; Nadathur, Govind. "The Phylogenetics of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates".
  6. ↑ "Miescher-Ishida Prize | ISE - International Society of Endocytobiology". www.endocytobiology.org. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  7. ↑ "Global Coral Reef Alliance Advis". www.globalcoral.org. Retrieved 2020-06-16.


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