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Robert Marshall Axelrod is an American political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on the evolution of cooperation. His current research interests include complexity theory,international security,and cyber security. His research includes innovative approaches to explaining conflict of interest,the emergence of norms,how game theory is used to study cooperation,and cross-disciplinary studies on evolutionary processes.
Richard Manning Karp is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California,Berkeley. He is most notable for his research in the theory of algorithms,for which he received a Turing Award in 1985,The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004,and the Kyoto Prize in 2008.
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Albert W. Overhauser was an American physicist and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is best known for his theory of dynamic nuclear polarization known as the Overhauser Effect in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Scott Douglas Sagan is the Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). He is known for his research on nuclear weapons policy and nuclear disarmament,including discussions of system accidents,and has published widely on these subjects.
The William and Katherine Estes Award,previously known as the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "to recognize basic research in any field of cognitive or behavioral science that has employed rigorous formal or empirical methods,optimally a combination of these,to advance our understanding of problems or issues relating to the risk of nuclear war". It was first awarded in 1990.
Compellence is a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through threats to use force or the actual use of limited force. Compellence can be more clearly described as "a political-diplomatic strategy that aims to influence an adversary's will or incentive structure. It is a strategy that combines threats of force,and,if necessary,the limited and selective use of force in discrete and controlled increments,in a bargaining strategy that includes positive inducements. The aim is to induce an adversary to comply with one's demands,or to negotiate the most favorable compromise possible,while simultaneously managing the crisis to prevent unwanted military escalation."
References
- 1 2 3 4 Fearon, James D.; Lake, David A.; Meng, Anne; Paine, Jack (2022). "In Memoriam: Robert L. Powell". International Organization: 1–2. doi: 10.1017/S0020818322000091 . ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 248764307.
- ↑ "Robert Powell". haas.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- 1 2 Maclay, Kathleen (January 19, 2012). "NAS honors Robert Powell's work on nuclear deterrence". news.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- ↑ Malkasian, Carter (2022-01-31). "Master of Deterrence". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120 . Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ↑ "Six professors named to American Academy of Arts and Sciences". berkeley.edu. April 28, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
- ↑ "Two faculty honored for their exemplary service to the campus". news.berkeley.edu. February 7, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
