Roberta Barkworth Shepherd AO (born 1934) is an Australian physiotherapist. She is known for her work on physiotherapy education and research. [1]
Shepherd was born in 1934 [2] in New South Wales,Australia. She studied anatomy,physiotherapy,histology,chemistry and physics at the University of Sydney, [3] graduating in 1956 with a Diploma of Physiotherapy. After winning a Fulbright Fellowship for doctoral study,she went to Columbia University,studying under Ann Gentile. [4] There she received degrees,Master of Arts in 1986 and Doctor of Education in 1991.
After teaching in paediatrics at the School of Physiotherapy,Shepherd published her first textbook on physiotherapy in paediatrics in 1974 and began a scholarly collaboration with her friend,Janet Carr. They introduced the term "applied movement scientists" for physical therapists. [5]
Together they recognised that motor learning/skill acquisition and motor control mechanisms gave information relevant to rehabilitation practice. During their collaboration they published many textbooks together including:
Along with the textbooks written with Carr,Shepherd also wrote Physiotherapy in Paediatrics,and Cerebral Palsy in Infancy:targeted activity to optimize early growth and development. These textbooks have been translated into many different languages. As well as textbooks,Shepherd has published numerous scholarly articles around the topic of physiotherapy.
In 1991 Shepherd was appointed Professor and Foundation Chair of Physiotherapy at the University of Sydney and in 2014 she and Carr were named as Honoured Members of the Australian Physiotherapy Association. She has taught many students and in 2014 the University of Sydney honoured her with an Alumni Award. [3]
Shepherd was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours for ''distinguished service to education,specifically to paediatric physiotherapy and stroke rehabilitation,as an academic and author,and to professional medical bodies". [7]
Physical therapy (PT),also known as physiotherapy,is one of the allied health professions. It is provided by physical therapists who promote,maintain,or restore health through physical examination,diagnosis,management,prognosis,patient education,physical intervention,rehabilitation,disease prevention,and health promotion. Physical therapists are known as physiotherapists in many countries.
Kinesiology is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological,anatomical,biomechanical,pathological,neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health include biomechanics and orthopedics;strength and conditioning;sport psychology;motor control;skill acquisition and motor learning;methods of rehabilitation,such as physical and occupational therapy;and sport and exercise physiology. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems,electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity,various methods for monitoring physiological function,and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.
Janine Winton Haines,AM was an Australian politician who was a Senator for South Australia from 1977 to 1978 and again from 1981 to 1990. She represented the Australian Democrats,and served as the party's leader from 1986 to 1990,becoming the first female federal parliamentary leader of an Australian political party. She was pivotal in "shaping the Australian Democrats into a powerful political entity that held the balance of power in the Senate".
The primary goals of stroke management are to reduce brain injury and promote maximum patient recovery. Rapid detection and appropriate emergency medical care are essential for optimizing health outcomes. When available,patients are admitted to an acute stroke unit for treatment. These units specialize in providing medical and surgical care aimed at stabilizing the patient's medical status. Standardized assessments are also performed to aid in the development of an appropriate care plan. Current research suggests that stroke units may be effective in reducing in-hospital fatality rates and the length of hospital stays.
The Bobath concept is an approach to neurological rehabilitation that is applied in patient assessment and treatment. The goal of applying the Bobath concept is to promote motor learning for efficient motor control in various environments,thereby improving participation and function. This is done through specific patient handling skills to guide patients through the initiation and completing of intended tasks. This approach to neurological rehabilitation is multidisciplinary,primarily involving physiotherapists,occupational therapists,and speech and language therapists. In the United States,the Bobath concept is also known as 'neuro-developmental treatment' (NDT).
Hypertonia is a term sometimes used synonymously with spasticity and rigidity in the literature surrounding damage to the central nervous system,namely upper motor neuron lesions. Impaired ability of damaged motor neurons to regulate descending pathways gives rise to disordered spinal reflexes,increased excitability of muscle spindles,and decreased synaptic inhibition. These consequences result in abnormally increased muscle tone of symptomatic muscles. Some authors suggest that the current definition for spasticity,the velocity-dependent over-activity of the stretch reflex,is not sufficient as it fails to take into account patients exhibiting increased muscle tone in the absence of stretch reflex over-activity. They instead suggest that "reversible hypertonia" is more appropriate and represents a treatable condition that is responsive to various therapy modalities like drug or physical therapy.
Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical process which aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury,and to minimize and/or compensate for any functional alterations resulting from it.
Aquatic therapy refers to treatments and exercises performed in water for relaxation,fitness,physical rehabilitation,and other therapeutic benefit. Typically a qualified aquatic therapist gives constant attendance to a person receiving treatment in a heated therapy pool. Aquatic therapy techniques include Ai Chi,Aqua Running,Bad Ragaz Ring Method,Burdenko Method,Halliwick,Watsu,and other aquatic bodywork forms. Therapeutic applications include neurological disorders,spine pain,musculoskeletal pain,postoperative orthopedic rehabilitation,pediatric disabilities,and pressure ulcers.
Motor imagery is a mental process by which an individual rehearses or simulates a given action. It is widely used in sport training as mental practice of action,neurological rehabilitation,and has also been employed as a research paradigm in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to investigate the content and the structure of covert processes that precede the execution of action. In some medical,musical,and athletic contexts,when paired with physical rehearsal,mental rehearsal can be as effective as pure physical rehearsal (practice) of an action.
Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research is an autonomous institute functioning under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment of India. It is located in Olatpur,30 km from Cuttack.
Physical therapy education varies greatly from country to country. Worldwide,physical therapy training ranges from basic work site education in hospitals and outpatient clinics to professional doctoral degree and masters programs.
Over time,the approach to cerebral palsy management has shifted away from narrow attempts to fix individual physical problems –such as spasticity in a particular limb –to making such treatments part of a larger goal of maximizing the person's independence and community engagement. Much of childhood therapy is aimed at improving gait and walking. Approximately 60% of people with CP are able to walk independently or with aids at adulthood. However,the evidence base for the effectiveness of intervention programs reflecting the philosophy of independence has not yet caught up:effective interventions for body structures and functions have a strong evidence base,but evidence is lacking for effective interventions targeted toward participation,environment,or personal factors. There is also no good evidence to show that an intervention that is effective at the body-specific level will result in an improvement at the activity level,or vice versa. Although such cross-over benefit might happen,not enough high-quality studies have been done to demonstrate it.
Janet Howard Carr was an Australian physiotherapist and academic whose research focused on stroke rehabilitation. She was a professor at the University of Sydney and published numerous textbooks.
Upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS) is the motor control changes that can occur in skeletal muscle after an upper motor neuron lesion.
Maxwell Leo "Max" Howell was an Australian educator and rugby union player. He played 5 Tests and 27 non-Test games for Australia between 1946 and 1948. He went on to become a physical education teacher and Professor at the University of Queensland. In 2003,he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia "for service to education as a pioneer in the development of sports studies and sport science as academic disciplines".
Julie Bernhardt is an Australian physiotherapist and clinician scientist,a Principal Research Fellow and an NHMRC Senior Research Fellow and Clinical Head of the Stroke Division at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health,University of Melbourne. Bernhardt is Principal Investigator of the 'A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial' (AVERT) and a leader in the field of stroke recovery.
Professor Leeanne Carey is a world leading Australian neuroscientist in occupational therapy and stroke rehabilitation and recovery research. She is the founding leader of the Neurorehabilitation and Recovery research group in the Stroke division at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Melbourne,Australia,and currently holds a Future Fellowship awarded by the Australian Research Council (ARC).
Mary Pauline Galea is an Australian physiotherapist and neuroscientist at University of Melbourne. She resides in Melbourne,Australia. Galea is a professorial fellow at the University of Melbourne's Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and a Senior Principal Fellow in the Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health. She was foundation professor of clinical physiotherapy and director of the Rehabilitation Sciences Research Centre at the University of Melbourne and Austin Health. She is internationally recognised for her work in spinal cord injury and rehabilitative interventions.
Berta Bobath,MBE was a German physiotherapist who created a method of rehabilitation and therapy known as the Bobath concept in 1948. The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy believe "it is the most popular approach for treating neurologically-impaired patients in the western world."
Sarah Elizabeth Lamb is the Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at the University of Exeter,and the Mireille Gillings Professor for Health Innovation. She is also an Honorary Departmental Professor at the Nuffield Department of Medicine,University of Oxford and the Director of the Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit.
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