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Disfranchisement,also disenfranchisement or voter disqualification,is the restriction of suffrage of a person or group of people,or a practice that has the effect of preventing someone from exercising the right to vote. Disfranchisement can also refer to the revocation of power or control of a particular individual,community,or being to the natural amenity they have;that is to deprive of a franchise,of a legal right,of some privilege or inherent immunity. Disfranchisement may be accomplished explicitly by law or implicitly through requirements applied in a discriminatory fashion,through intimidation,or by placing unreasonable requirements on voters for registration or voting. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements.
Markham is a city and a south suburb of Chicago in Cook County,Illinois,United States. The population was 11,661 at the 2020 census.
The U.S. attorney for the District of New Jersey is the chief federal law enforcement officer in New Jersey. On December 16,2021,Philip R. Sellinger was sworn in as U.S. Attorney. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey has jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. attorney.
The Cook County Democratic Party is an American county-level political party organization which represents voters in 50 wards in the city of Chicago and 30 suburban townships of Cook County. The organization has dominated Chicago politics since the 1930s. It relies on an organizational structure of a ward or township committeeperson to elect candidates. At the height of its influence under Richard J. Daley in the 1960s when political patronage in employment was endemic in American cities,it was one of the most powerful political machines in American history. By the beginning of the 21st century the party had largely ceased to function as a machine due to the legal dismantling of the patronage system under the Shakman Decrees issued by the federal court in Chicago. The current Chair is Toni Preckwinkle,who is also the elected Cook County Board president.
Iris Y. Martinez is an American politician and administrator. In 2020,she was elected clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County. She previously served as a member of the Illinois Senate,representing the 20th district from 2003 until becoming clerk. A member of the Democratic Party,she rose to Assistant Majority Leader in the State Senate. As court clerk and as a state senator,she is the first Latina to have held either of those offices.
William Frank Boyland Jr. is an American convicted felon and former politician from the state of New York. A Democrat,Boyland represented District 55 (Brooklyn) in the New York State Assembly and was first elected in a 2003 special election. He forfeited his Assembly seat on March 6,2014 due to his conviction on federal felony charges related to extortion,bribery,and official corruption,and he was sentenced to 14 years in prison.
The term aggravated felony was used in the United States immigration law to refer to a broad category of criminal offenses that carry certain severe consequences for aliens seeking asylum,legal permanent resident status,citizenship,or avoidance of deportation proceedings. Anyone convicted of an aggravated felony and removed from the United States "must remain outside of the United States for twenty consecutive years from the deportation date before he or she is eligible to re-enter the United States." The supreme court ruled 5-4 in Sessions v. Dimaya that the residual clause was unconstitutionally vague limiting the term.
The Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (ACCA) is a United States federal law that provides sentence enhancements for felons who commit crimes with firearms if they are convicted of certain crimes three or more times. Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter was a key proponent for the legislation.
Chambers v. United States,555 U.S. 122 (2009),was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that failing to report for incarceration does not qualify as a "violent felony" for the purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act.
Loss of rights due to criminal conviction refers to the practice in some countries of reducing the rights of individuals who have been convicted of a criminal offence. The restrictions are in addition to other penalties such as incarceration or fines. In addition to restrictions imposed directly upon conviction,there can also be collateral civil consequences resulting from a criminal conviction,but which are not imposed directly by the courts as a result of the conviction.
Daniels v. United States,531 U.S. 374 (2001),was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the Armed Career Criminal Act. The Court ruled,in a 5–4 decision,that a defendant sentenced under that Act could not challenge previous convictions on appeal that were used to increase his new sentence.
Ernest E. Newton II is an American politician in Bridgeport,Connecticut. Newton served for seventeen years in the Connecticut General Assembly,serving in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1988 to 2003 and in the Connecticut State Senate from 2003 to 2006. He pleaded guilty to federal felony corruption charges in September 2005 and served several years in federal prison. Newton was released in February 2010 and in 2012 unsuccessfully attempted a political comeback,losing in the primary in a race for his old state Senate seat. He pleaded guilty to three campaign finance violations in 2019,relating to his 2012 legislative campaign.
Troy Xavier Kelley is an American attorney,businessman,politician,and convicted felon who served as the 10th Washington State Auditor from 2013 to 2017,and is a member of the Democratic Party. He is a lieutenant colonel JAG officer in the Washington National Guard. Kelley was a member of the Washington House of Representatives,representing the 28th Legislative District from 2007 to 2013. In 2017 he was convicted of multiple counts of possession of stolen property,making false declarations in a court proceeding and tax fraud.
Corruption in Illinois has been a problem from the earliest history of the state. Electoral fraud in Illinois pre-dates the territory's admission to the Union in 1818. Illinois had the third most federal criminal convictions for public corruption between 1976 and 2012,behind New York and California. A study published by the University of Illinois Chicago in 2022 ranked Illinois as the second most corrupt state in the nation,with 4 out of the last 11 governors serving time in prison.
In the United States,a person may have their voting rights suspended or withdrawn due to the conviction of a criminal offense. The actual class of crimes that results in disenfranchisement vary between jurisdictions,but most commonly classed as felonies,or may be based on a certain period of incarceration or other penalty. In some jurisdictions disfranchisement is permanent,while in others suffrage is restored after a person has served a sentence,or completed parole or probation. Felony disenfranchisement is one among the collateral consequences of criminal conviction and the loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense. In 2016,6.1 million individuals were disenfranchised on account of a conviction,2.47% of voting-age citizens. As of October 2020,it was estimated that 5.1 million voting-age US citizens were disenfranchised for the 2020 presidential election on account of a felony conviction,1 in 44 citizens. As suffrage rights are generally bestowed by state law,state felony disenfranchisement laws also apply to elections to federal offices.
This is a timeline of voting rights in the United States,documenting when various groups in the country gained the right to vote or were disenfranchised.
Felony disenfranchisement in Florida is currently a contentious political issue in Florida. Though the general principle of felony disenfranchisement is not in dispute,the disenfranchisement of people who had been convicted of a felony and have served their sentence —that includes prison,bail and parole —but continue being barred from voting if they have outstanding fines,fees or restitution obligations is in contention. Prior to January 8,2019,when Amendment 4 came into effect,people convicted of a felony effectively lost their right to vote for life,as it could only be restored by the governor as an act of clemency,which rarely occurred. Florida was one of four states with a lifetime ban,the others being Iowa,Kentucky and Virginia.
Florida Amendment 4,also the Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative,is an amendment to the constitution of the U.S. state of Florida passed by ballot initiative on November 6,2018,as part of the 2018 Florida elections. The proposition restored the voting rights of Floridians with felony convictions after they complete all terms of their sentence including parole or probation. The amendment does not apply to Floridians convicted of murder or sexual offenses.
John Green is an American politician,attorney,and former deputy sheriff. Green was elected in 2018 as a Republican member of the Idaho House of Representatives from Legislative District 2,Seat B. On January 15,2020,Green was convicted by a jury in Texas of conspiracy to defraud the United States,a charge that stemmed from helping a wealthy Texas couple hide assets to avoid paying income taxes when Green worked as an attorney there.
References
- ↑ Day, Jim (May 16, 2021). "What happens when mayor barred from running is elected anyway?". The News-Gazette .
A onetime fire chief in Country Club Hills, Agpawa, now 58, was convicted in 1999 of participating in a federal health-insurance scam.
- ↑ "City elects convicted felon as mayor, prompting threat from prosecutor". www.cbsnews.com.
- 1 2 Jones, Tia Carol (May 12, 2021). "Agpawa says next steps include taking his fight to the Illinois Supreme Court". Citizen Weekly .
- ↑ Nordahl, Caitlin (December 18, 2017). "Markham interim mayor's pay raise catches attention of watchdog group". South Cook News .
- ↑ "Opinion - Daily Southtown". www.chicagotribune.com.
- ↑ Slowik, Ted (October 4, 2018). "After 18-month legal battle, convicted felon Roger Agpawa sworn in as Markham mayor". Daily Southtown.
- ↑ Gallardo, Michelle; McAdams, Alexis (April 25, 2021). "Markham residents gather to support mayor elected for 2nd time despite 20 year old mail fraud conviction". WLS-TV .
- ↑ "Walker v. Agpawa" (PDF). Official Published Opinion of the Illinois Supreme Court. August 26, 2021.
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