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This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2004.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in California since June 28,2013. The U.S. state first issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples on June 16,2008 as a result of the Supreme Court of California finding in the case of In re Marriage Cases that barring same-sex couples from marriage violated the Constitution of California. The issuance of such licenses was halted from November 5,2008 through June 27,2013 due to the passage of Proposition 8—a state constitutional amendment barring same-sex marriages. The granting of same-sex marriages recommenced following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry,which restored the effect of a federal district court ruling that overturned Proposition 8 as unconstitutional.
Martin Joseph Jenkins is an American attorney and jurist serving as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California. He was previously a justice of the California Court of Appeal for the First District,located in San Francisco,and a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
The San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings took place between February 12 and March 11,2004,after San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom directed the city-county clerk to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. California Attorney General Bill Lockyer and a number of interest groups sued to end the practice. About 4,000 such licenses were issued before the California Supreme Court ordered a halt to the practice on March 11. On August 12,2004,the California Supreme Court voided all of the licenses that had been issued in February and March.
The governorship of Arnold Schwarzenegger began in 2003,when Arnold Schwarzenegger ran for Governor of California in a recall election. He was subsequently elected Governor when the previous governor Gray Davis was recalled and Schwarzenegger placed first among replacement candidates. Schwarzenegger served the remainder of Davis' incomplete term between 2003 and 2007. Schwarzenegger was then reelected to a second term in 2006,serving out this full term and leaving office in January 2011. Schwarzenegger was unable to run for a third term due to term limits imposed by Constitution of California.
In re Marriage Cases,43 Cal. 4th 757 was a California Supreme Court case where the court held that laws treating classes of persons differently based on sexual orientation should be subject to strict judicial scrutiny,and that an existing statute and initiative measure limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples violate the rights of same-sex couples under the California Constitution and may not be used to preclude them from marrying.
Proposition 8,known informally as Prop 8,was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage;it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court. The proposition was created by opponents of same-sex marriage in advance of the California Supreme Court's May 2008 appeal ruling,In re Marriage Cases,which followed the short-lived 2004 same-sex weddings controversy and found the previous ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional by a federal court in 2010,although the court decision did not go into effect until June 26,2013,following the conclusion of proponents' appeals.
Hollingsworth v. Perry was a series of United States federal court cases that re-legalized same-sex marriage in the state of California. The case began in 2009 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California,which found that banning same-sex marriage violates equal protection under the law. This decision overturned California ballot initiative Proposition 8,which had banned same-sex marriage. After the State of California refused to defend Proposition 8,the official sponsors of Proposition 8 intervened and appealed to the Supreme Court. The case was litigated during the governorships of both Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jerry Brown,and was thus known as Perry v. Schwarzenegger and Perry v. Brown,respectively. As Hollingsworth v. Perry,it eventually reached the United States Supreme Court,which held that,in line with prior precedent,the official sponsors of a ballot initiative measure did not have Article III standing to appeal an adverse federal court ruling when the state refused to do so.
Lucy Haeran Koh is an American lawyer serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Koh previously served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California from 2010 to 2021. She also served as a California state court judge of the Santa Clara County Superior Court from 2008 to 2010. She is the first Korean American woman to serve on a federal appellate court in the United States.
Tani Gorre Cantil-Sakauye is an American lawyer and jurist who was the 28th Chief Justice of California and is the president/CEO of the Public Policy Institute of California. She was nominated by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to serve as chief justice on July 22,2010,and retained in office by California voters on November 2,2010,she was sworn in on January 3,2011 as California's first Filipino and first woman of color to serve as California's Chief Justice. Prior to her appointment as chief justice,Cantil-Sakauye had served in judicial offices on California's appellate and trial courts. On July 27,2022,she announced she would retire and not run for another 12 year term on the court in November and step down on January 1,2023,leaving Governor Newsom to appoint her replacement. On September 28,2022,the Public Policy Institute of California announced that Cantil-Sakauye would become its president and chief executive officer,effective January 1,2023. On September 21,2023,the Judicial Council of California voted unanimously to name the new Sacramento County courthouse after former Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye.
The history of LGBT residents in California,which includes centuries prior to the 20th,has become increasingly visible recently with the successes of the LGBT rights movement. In spite of the strong development of early LGBT villages in the state,pro-LGBT activists in California have campaigned against nearly 170 years of especially harsh prosecutions and punishments toward gays,lesbians,bisexuals,and transgender people.
Stephen Michael Lachs is an American lawyer and retired judge. Lachs served as a judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court from 1979 to 1999. He was the first openly gay judge appointed in the United States and is thought to be the first openly gay judge appointed anywhere in the world.
Mary Carolyn Morgan is a judge of the San Francisco County Superior Court and former judge of the San Francisco Municipal Court. She was the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the United States.
Mary Isabel Yu is an American lawyer who has served as an associate justice of the Washington Supreme Court since 2014. She served as a judge of the King County Superior Court from 2000 to 2014. She is the state's first openly gay,Asian American,and Latina justice. As of 2020,she is also the seventh woman serving and the eleventh woman ever to serve on Washington state's Supreme Court.
Elena J. Duarte is an Associate Justice of the California Third District Court of Appeal,having served since December 10,2010,after being appointed to the post by Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on November 23,2010.
References
- ↑ Pam Smith, Judicial Profile: Ron Albers, The Recorder (May 6, 2003).
- 1 2 Alumni Profiles: Ronald Albers ’71, Cornell eReport, Volume 33, No. 1 (Fall 2009).
- 1 2 3 4 5 Matthew S. Bajko, Gov appoints first openly gay judge, Bay Area Reporter (June 18, 2009).
- ↑ Kate Moser, Ronald Albers, The Recorder (November 17, 2009).
- ↑ New Superior Court judges named, San Francisco Examiner (June 12, 2009).
- ↑ "News release" (PDF). sfsuperiorcourt.org. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
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