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Nergal was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations under indicating his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination. He was primarily associated with war, death and disease and has been described as the "god of inflicted death." He reigned over Kur, the Mesopotamian underworld, depending on the myth either on behalf of his parents Enlil and Ninlil, or in later periods as a result of his marriage with the goddess Ereshkigal. Originally either Mammitum, a goddess possibly connected to frost, or Las, sometimes assumed to be a minor medicine goddess, were regarded as his wife, though other traditions existed too.
Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana, a name derived from its capital Susa.
Shala (Šala) was a Mesopotamian goddess of weather and grain and the wife of the weather god Adad. It is assumed that she originated in northern Mesopotamia and that her name might have Hurrian origin. She was worshiped especially in Karkar and in Zabban, regarded as cult centers of her husband as well. She is first attested in the Old Babylonian period, but it is possible that an analogous Sumerian goddess, Medimsha, was already the wife of Adad's counterpart Ishkur in earlier times.
Jabru was a god who according to Mesopotamian god lists was worshiped in Elam. However, he is not attested in any Elamite sources.
Humban was the Elamite god associated with rulers and especially the concept of kittin or kiten. Inscriptions refer to him as rišar napappir or rišar napirra. He was also known as Huban elume, possibly "Humban the exalted."
Pinikir, also known as Pinigir, Pirengir and Parakaras, was an Ancient Near Eastern astral goddess who originates in Elamite religious beliefs. While she is only infrequently attested in Elamite documents, she achieved a degree of prominence in Hurrian religion. Due to her presence in pantheons of many parts of the Ancient Near East, from Anatolia to Iran, modern researchers refer to her as a "cosmopolitan deity."
Nahundi or Nahhundi was the Elamite god of the sun. The etymology of his name isn't known, but it might be a cognate of a common Elamite word for "day", and is perhaps even homophonous with it.
Inshushinak was one of the major gods of the Elamites and the protector deity of Susa. He was called rišar napappair, "greatest of gods" in some inscriptions.
Ishara (Išḫara) was the tutelary goddess of the ancient Syrian city of Ebla. The origin of her name is unknown. Both Hurrian and West Semitic etymologies have been proposed, but they found no broad support and today it is often assumed that her name belongs to an unknown linguistic substrate.
Nanaya was a Mesopotamian goddess of love, closely associated with Inanna, but not identical to her.
Ninazu was a Mesopotamian god of the underworld of Sumerian origin. He was also associated with snakes and vegetation, and with time acquired the character of a warrior god. He was frequently associated with Ereshkigal, either as a son, husband, or simply as a deity belonging to the same category of underworld gods.
Nindara was a Sumerian god worshiped in the state of Lagash. He was the husband of Nanshe. His name was originally written as "Nindar," but from the reign of Gudea onward "Nindara" became the default instead.
Ninegal or Belet Ekallim was a Mesopotamian and West Semitic goddess, as well as a title of other goddesses. As indicated by her name, her role was likely linked to royal palaces.
Tishpak (Tišpak) was a Mesopotamian god associated with the ancient city Eshnunna and its sphere of influence, located in the Diyala area of Iraq. He was primarily a war deity, but he was also associated with snakes, including the mythical mushussu and bashmu, and with kingship.
Kiririsha was a major goddess worshiped in Elam.
The Shimashki or Simashki dynasty, was an early dynasty of the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia, in approximately 2100-1900 BCE. A list of twelve kings of Shimashki is found in the Elamite king-list of Susa, which also contains a list of kings of Awan dynasty. It is uncertain how historically accurate the list is, although some of its kings can be corroborated by their appearance in the records of neighboring peoples. The Dynasty corresponds to the middle part of the Old Elamite period. It was followed by the Sukkalmah Dynasty. Shimashki was likely near today's Masjed Soleyman.
Manzat (Manzât), also spelled Mazzi'at, Manzi'at and Mazzêt, sometimes known by the name Tir-anna (dTIR.AN.NA) was a Mesopotamian and Elamite goddess representing the rainbow. She was also believed to be responsible for the prosperity of cities.
Simut or Šimut (Shimut) was an Elamite god. He was regarded as the herald of the gods, and was associated with the planet Mars. He was also worshiped in Mesopotamia, where he was compared with the war god Nergal.
Lagamal or Lagamar was a Mesopotamian deity associated chiefly with Dilbat, but also worshiped in Terqa on the Euphrates and in Susa in Elam.
Ugur or Uqur(dU.GUR) was a god worshiped in various parts of the Ancient Near East. He was connected with the Mesopotamian deity Nergal. Much like him, he was associated with war and death. He was also originally regarded as his sukkal.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Henkelman 2011, p. 449.
- 1 2 3 Jahangirfar 2018, p. 113.
- ↑ Malbran-Labat 2018, p. 465.
- ↑ Potts 1999, p. 223.
- 1 2 De Graef 2013, p. 443.
- ↑ De Graef 2013, p. 444.
- ↑ Zadok 2014, p. 225.
Bibliography
- De Graef, Katrien (2013), "Tan-Ruhurater", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-03-25
- Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2011), "Ruhurater", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-03-25
- Jahangirfar, Milad (2018). "The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition". Iranica Antiqua. 53: 105–124. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- Malbran-Labat, Florence (2018). "Elamite Royal Inscriptions". The Elamite World. Abingdon, Oxon New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-315-65803-2. OCLC 1022561448.
- Potts, Daniel (1999). The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-48961-7. OCLC 813439001.
- Zadok, Ran (2014). "On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty". Tel Aviv. Maney Publishing. 41 (2): 222–237. doi:10.1179/0334435514z.00000000036. ISSN 0334-4355.