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Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism, asceticism, and esotericism. It has been variously defined as "Islamic mysticism", "the mystical expression of Islamic faith", "the inward dimension of Islam", "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam", the "main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization" of mystical practice in Islam, and "the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice".
The Chishtī Order is a tariqa, an order or school within the mystic Sufi tradition of Sunni Islam. The Chishti Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness. It began with Abu Ishaq Shami in Chisht, circa 930 AD in a small town near Herat, a strategic city in then Eastern Persia, which later became independent and then part of Afghanistan.
Sultan-ul-Mashaikh, Mahbub-e-Ilahi, Sheikh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya, also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin, and Mahbub-e-Ilahi was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, and is one of the most famous Sufis from the Indian Subcontinent. His predecessors were Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, and Moinuddin Chishti, who were the masters of the Chishti spiritual chain or silsila in the Indian subcontinent.
Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī (1143–1236), known more commonly as Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī or Moinuddin Chishti, or by the epithet Gharib Nawaz, or reverently as a Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn, Muʿīn al-Dīn, or Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn by Muslims of the Indian subcontinent, was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, religious scholar, philosopher and mystic from Sistan, who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism. This particular tariqa (order) became the dominant Muslim spiritual group in medieval India and many of the most beloved and venerated Indian Sunni saints were Chishti in their affiliation, including Nizamuddin Awliya and Amir Khusrow.
Makhdoom Yahiya Maneri was an Indian Sufi saint of the 13th century. His tomb in courtyard of a mosque, located in Maner, 29 km from Patna, Bihar, India.
Najm ad-Din Kubra was a 13th-century Khwarezmian Sufi from Khwarezm and the founder of the Kubrawiya, influential in the Ilkhanate and Timurid dynasty. His method, exemplary of a "golden age" of Sufi metaphysics, was related to the Illuminationism of Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi as well as to Rumi's Shams Tabrizi. Kubra was born in 540/1145 and died in 618/1221.
Shaykh Sharfuddin Bu Ali Shah Qalandar Panipati, renowned as Bu Ali Qalandar, born in Panipat, Haryana, India, was a Qalandar and Sufi saint of the Owaisī Order, who lived and taught in India. His shrine or dargah (mausoleum) is at Bu Ali Shah Qalandar Dargah, Panipat, which is a place of pilgrimage.
Sufism has a history in India evolving for over 1,000 years. The presence of Sufism has been a leading entity increasing the reaches of Islam throughout South Asia. Following the entrance of Islam in the early 8th century, Sufi mystic traditions became more visible during the 10th and 11th centuries of the Delhi Sultanate and after it to the rest of India. A conglomeration of four chronologically separate dynasties, the early Delhi Sultanate consisted of rulers from Turkic and Afghan lands. This Persian influence flooded South Asia with Islam, Sufi thought, syncretic values, literature, education, and entertainment that has created an enduring impact on the presence of Islam in India today. Sufi preachers, merchants and missionaries also settled in coastal Gujarat through maritime voyages and trade.
Shaikh Sama'al-Din Kamboh was born in 1405 AD in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Shaikh Sama'al-Din Kamboh was a Sufi of the Suhrawardi order and came to Delhi during the reign of Sultan Bahlol Lodi and became the patron saint of the Lodi dynasty. His father Maulana Shaikh Fakhrudin was a venerable religious leader of that era. Makhdoom Shaikh Sama'al-Din had been the royal spiritual adviser or Pir, first to emperor Sultan Bahlol Lodi, and later to Sultan Sikandar Lodi. He commanded greatest respect amongst the entire Muslim spiritual and religious leaders and was one of the greatest Ulema Shaikhs of his times. The mazar of Hazrat Shaikh Sama'al-Din is located in Delhi where the Zubairies of Panipat used to assemble every year for offering Fateha in pre-independence days. Spiritual discipline apart, Shaikh Sama'al-Din was a scholar of traditional sciences and imparted instructions as a professional teacher to a large number of students. One of his famous students who rose to eminence was Shaikh Jamali Kamboh.
The Sufi Ruhaniat International (SRI) is a stream of Universal Sufism and draws inspiration from traditions of Sufism within and beyond historic Islam. SRI is an initiatic order within the lineage of Inayat Khan (Inayati-Chishtiyya). Sufi Ahmed Murad Chisti, a disciple of Inayat Khan, formally founded the order in 1970. There are centers throughout the United States, Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Khwaja Haji Dost Muhammad Qandhari was an Afghan Sufi master in the Naqshbandi tradition in the 19th century (1801–1868).
Sufism known as Tasawwuf in the Arabic-speaking world, is a form of Islamic mysticism that emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with God. It is a mystical form of Islam, a school of practice that emphasizes the inward search for The God and shuns materialism. About 60% Muslims in Pakistan regard themselves as followers of Sufi saints.
Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed bin Yahya Maneri, popularly known as Makhdoom-ul-Mulk Bihari and Makhdoom-e-Jahan (1263–1381), was a 13th-century Sufi mystic.
Minhajuddin Rasti Gilani Firdausi (1250-1381) was a Sufi saint of the Firdausiyya Silsila. He was disciple and mureed of the Sharfuddin Yehya Maneri. He was died in Phulwari Sharif and laid to rest at Tamtam Padhav in Phulwari Sharif, Patna, Bihar. He is known to be the first sufi saint who came to Phulwari Sharif.
Imam Muhammad Taj Faqih Hashmi also spelled Taj Faqeeh was an Islamic scholar, Warrior and Sufi saint who came India to preach Islam after Momin Arif reached India, and he dreamed about India and came to help Arif in propagating Islam and fight against the King of Maner. He reached India in 1180, and led a war against the King of Maner, a neighbourhood in Patna district of Bihar.
Shaikh Badruddin Samarqandi was an Indian Islamic scholar, and Sufi saint belonging to the Firdausiyya–Suhrawardiyya Order. He is the founder and the first saint of Firdausiyya silsila, which was later flourished during the period of Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri in Bihar.
Shaikh Najibuddin Firdausi also known as Najmuddin Sughra was an Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi saint belonging to the Firdausiyya silsila of Sufism.
Firdausiyya is a Sufi Order which originated as a off-shoot from the Suhrawardiyya order. It was introduced by Shaikh Badruddin Samarqandi in India, and later took forward by two of his disciples, Najibuddin Firdausi and Ruknuddin Firdausi. It was mostly known and flourished during the life of Shaikh Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri, buried in Badi Dargah, Bihar Sharif. He had the longest chain of spiritual successors in the Magadh region of Bihar. The ideology of the Suhrawardiyya was inspired by Sayf al Din Bakharzi, and also took its name from Bakharzi, who was given the title of Shaikh al-Firdaus by his spiritual master Najmuddin Qubra. Firdausiyya Order was established even before the Chishty order.
Shah Muhammad Sultan Ahmad Charamposh was an Indian Islamic scholar, Poet, philosopher, theologian and Sufi saint of Firdausiyya order and a spiritual successor and first cousin of Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri. He is buried in Amber Dargah, Bihar Sharif. He was contemporary of Muzaffar Shams Balkhi and Ahmad Langar Dariya.
References
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- ↑ Safvi, Rana (2022-09-21). In Search of the Divine: Living Histories of Sufism in India. Hachette India. ISBN 978-93-93701-16-9.
- ↑ Shahab, Syed Yusuf (2020-08-02). The Lost Sufis of Delhi: Forgotten Sufis & Heritage Encyclopedia. OrangeBooks Publication. pp. 56–58. Archived from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ↑ Khan, Nasir Raza (2022-10-06). Sufism in India and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-78519-7. Archived from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ↑ Mohamed, Malik (2023-12-01). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-003-83095-5. Archived from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ↑ Khan, Masood Ali; Ram, S. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Sufism: Early Sufi masters : Sharafuddin Maneri and Abdullah Ansari. Anmol Publications. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-81-261-1311-8. Archived from the original on 2024-02-09. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ↑ Troll, Christian W. (1982). Islam in India. Vikas. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-7069-1889-2. Archived from the original on 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ↑ Jackson, Paul (1987). The Way of a Sufi, Sharafuddin Maneri. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 61. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2024-01-28.