See also
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Structured Query Language
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SQL:2016 or ISO/IEC 9075:2016 (under the general title "Information technology – Database languages – SQL") is the eighth revision of the ISO (1987) and ANSI (1986) standard for the SQL database query language. It was formally adopted in December 2016. [1] The standard consists of 9 parts which are described in some detail in SQL. The next version is SQL:2023.
SQL:2016 introduced 44 new optional features. [2] 22 of them belong to the JSON functionality, ten more are related to polymorphic table functions. The additions to the standard include:
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.
The Call Level Interface (CLI) is an application programming interface (API) and software standard to embed Structured Query Language (SQL) code in a host program as defined in a joint standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. The Call Level Interface defines how a program should send SQL queries to the database management system (DBMS) and how the returned recordsets should be handled by the application in a consistent way. Developed in the early 1990s, the API was defined only for the programming languages C and COBOL.
A temporal database stores data relating to time instances. It offers temporal data types and stores information relating to past, present and future time. Temporal databases can be uni-temporal, bi-temporal or tri-temporal.
An XML database is a data persistence software system that allows data to be specified, and stored, in XML format. This data can be queried, transformed, exported and returned to a calling system. XML databases are a flavor of document-oriented databases which are in turn a category of NoSQL database.
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
In SQL, null or NULL is a special marker used to indicate that a data value does not exist in the database. Introduced by the creator of the relational database model, E. F. Codd, SQL null serves to fulfill the requirement that all true relational database management systems (RDBMS) support a representation of "missing information and inapplicable information". Codd also introduced the use of the lowercase Greek omega (ω) symbol to represent null in database theory. In SQL, NULL is a reserved word used to identify this marker.
In SQL, the TRUNCATE TABLE statement is a data manipulation language (DML) operation that deletes all rows of a table without causing a triggered action. The result of this operation quickly removes all data from a table, typically bypassing a number of integrity enforcing mechanisms. It was officially introduced in the SQL:2008 standard, as the optional feature F200, "TRUNCATE TABLE statement".
SQL:2003 is the fifth revision of the SQL database query language. The standard consists of 9 parts which are described in detail in SQL. It was updated by SQL:2006.
SQL/JRT, or SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language, is an extension to the SQL standard first published as ISO/IEC 9075-13:2002. SQL/JRT specifies the ability to invoke static Java methods as routines from within SQL applications, commonly referred to as "Java stored procedures". SQL/JRT also calls for the ability to use Java classes as SQL structured user-defined types. The two parts of the extension originate from the earlier ANSI SQLJ part 1 and 2 standards
SQL:1999 was the fourth revision of the SQL database query language. It introduced many new features, many of which required clarifications in the subsequent SQL:2003. In the meanwhile SQL:1999 is deprecated.
SQL:2008 is the sixth revision of the ISO and ANSI standard for the SQL database query language. It was formally adopted in July 2008. The standard consists of 9 parts which are described in detail in SQL. The next iteration is SQL:2011
SQL:2006 or ISO/IEC 9075:2006 standard is a revision part 14 of the ISO standard for the SQL database query language. It is not a revision of the complete SQL standard.
XQuery is a query and functional programming language that queries and transforms collections of structured and unstructured data, usually in the form of XML, text and with vendor-specific extensions for other data formats. The language is developed by the XML Query working group of the W3C. The work is closely coordinated with the development of XSLT by the XSL Working Group; the two groups share responsibility for XPath, which is a subset of XQuery.
In computing, Open Data Protocol (OData) is an open protocol that allows the creation and consumption of queryable and interoperable Web service APIs in a standard way. Microsoft initiated OData in 2007. Versions 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 are released under the Microsoft Open Specification Promise. Version 4.0 was standardized at OASIS, with a release in March 2014. In April 2015 OASIS submitted OData v4 and OData JSON Format v4 to ISO/IEC JTC 1 for approval as an international standard. In December 2016, ISO/IEC published OData 4.0 Core as ISO/IEC 20802-1:2016 and the OData JSON Format as ISO/IEC 20802-2:2016.
SQL:2011 or ISO/IEC 9075:2011 is the seventh revision of the ISO (1987) and ANSI (1986) standard for the SQL database query language. It was formally adopted in December 2011. The standard consists of 9 parts which are described in detail in SQL. The next version is SQL:2016.
ISO/IEC 9075 "Information technology - Database languages - SQL" is an international standard for Structured Query Language, and is considered as specifying the minimum for what a database engine should fulfill in terms of SQL syntax, which is called Core SQL. The standard also defines a number of optional features.
Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph.
The syntax of the SQL programming language is defined and maintained by ISO/IEC SC 32 as part of ISO/IEC 9075. This standard is not freely available. Despite the existence of the standard, SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
GQL is a standardized query language for property graphs first described in ISO/IEC 39075, released in April 2024 by ISO/IEC.
SQL:2023 or ISO/IEC 9075:2023 is the ninth edition of the ISO (1987) and ANSI (1986) standard for the SQL database query language. It was formally adopted in June 2023.
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