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Martial law is the temporary imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to a temporary emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory.
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr., was a Filipino politician and lawyer who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, widely considered by academics, economists, and journalists as a kleptocrat. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981 and kept most of his martial law powers until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism" under his New Society Movement. One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos' rule was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality.
Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr., commonly referred to as Bongbong Marcos and by his initials, BBM, is a Filipino politician who served as a senator from 2010 to 2016. He is the second child and only son of former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and former First Lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos.
Daet, officially the Municipality of Daet, is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Camarines Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 111,700 people.
Jose Wright Diokno, also known as "Ka Pepe", was a Filipino nationalist, lawyer, and statesman. Regarded as the "Father of Human Rights Advocacy in the Philippines", he served as Senator of the Philippines, Secretary of Justice, founding chair of the Commission on Human Rights, and founder of the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG), the premier group of Filipino human rights lawyers. Diokno is the only person to top both the Philippine Bar Examination and the board exam for Certified Public Accountants (CPA). His career was dedicated to the promotion of human rights, the defense of Philippine sovereignty, and the enactment of pro-Filipino economic legislation.
Proclamation No. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, as announced to the public on September 23, 1972.
The history of the Philippines, from 1965 to 1986, covers the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, also known as the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorial administration. The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–1972), the Philippines under martial law (1972–1981), and the majority of the Fourth Republic (1981–1986). By the end of the Marcos dictatorial era, the country was experiencing a debt crisis, extreme poverty, and severe underemployment.
The Escalante massacre was an incident on September 20, 1985, in Escalante, Negros Occidental, Philippines where paramilitary forces of the government gunned down civilians engaged in a protest rally in commemoration of the 13th anniversary of the declaration of Martial Law. It is also called Escam - shorthand for "Escalante massacre", and sometimes Bloody Thursday, though the massacre really happened on a Friday.
The Kalinga people are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, however, already migrated to Mountain Province, Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. The Kalinga numbered 163,167 as of 2010.
The Jabidah massacre on March 18, 1968, was the alleged killing of Moro army recruits who mutinied allegedly upon learning the purpose of their training. It is acknowledged as a major flashpoint that ignited the Moro insurgency in the Philippines.
Martial law in the Philippines refers to the various historical instances in which the Philippine head of state placed all or part of the country under military control - most prominently during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, but also during the Philippines’ colonial period, during the second world war, and more recently on the island of Mindanao during the administrations of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Rodrigo Duterte. The alternative term "Martial Law Era" as applied to the Philippines is typically used to describe the Marcos martial law period specifically.
Macli-ing Dulag was a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga province in the Philippines. He is best known for his opposition to the Chico River Dam Project, which led to his assassination by armed forces under the command of then-dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
At 7:17 pm on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law. This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986. Even though the formal document proclaiming martial law – Proclamation No. 1081, which was dated September 21, 1972 – was formally lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted.
Religious sector opposition against the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos included leaders and workers belonging to different beliefs and denominations.
The dictatorship of Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos in the 1970s and 1980s is historically remembered for its record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. Based on the documentation of Amnesty International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights monitoring entities, historians believe that the Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings, 35,000 documented tortures, 77 'disappeared', and 70,000 incarcerations.
Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 21 years, in a way that political scientists have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, but also to more contemporary dictators such as Sukarno & Suharto in Indonesia, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Kim dynasty of North Korea.
Primitivo "Tibo" Medrana Mijares was a Filipino journalist, author, and former press censor and propagandist. He was a reporter of the Philippines Daily Express, a newspaper in circulation during the regime of then-Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos.
References
- ↑ "Remembering The Sag-od/ Las Navas Massacre". The Freedom Memorial Museum. Government of the Philippines Commission on Human Rights. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
- ↑ News, ABS-CBN (2013-12-06). "DOJ eyes alleged Enrile links to gambling, illegal logging" . Retrieved 2020-09-22.
- ↑ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Quezon City: Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. ISBN 978-621-95443-1-3.
- ↑ Doyo, Ma Ceres P. (2016-09-22). "Martial law massacres". The Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2020-09-22.
- ↑ "Filipino leader complains of village massacre". United Press International Website. United Press International. 1981-12-15. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
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