The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the president and vice president. It replaced the procedure in Article II,Section 1,Clause 3,under which the Electoral College originally functioned. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 9,1803,and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15,1804. The new rules took effect for the 1804 presidential election and have governed all subsequent presidential elections.
The speaker of the United States House of Representatives,commonly known as the speaker of the House,is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I,Section II,of the U.S. Constitution. By custom and House rules,the speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer,de facto leader of the body's majority party,and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities,the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates—that duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party—nor regularly participate in floor debates.
The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Texas Legislature. It consists of 150 members who are elected from single-member districts for two-year terms. There are no term limits. The House meets at the State Capitol in Austin.
The Indiana House of Representatives is the lower house of the Indiana General Assembly,the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The House is composed of 100 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. House members serve two-year terms without term limits. According to the 2010 U.S. Census,each State House district contains an average of 64,838 people.
The 1994 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 8,1994,to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 104th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President Bill Clinton's first term. In what was known as the Republican Revolution,a 54-seat swing in membership from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party resulted in the latter gaining a majority of seats in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1952. It was also the largest seat gain for the party since 1946,and the largest for either party since 1948,and characterized a political realignment in American politics.
The Connecticut State House of Representatives is the lower house in the Connecticut General Assembly,the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The house is composed of 151 members representing an equal number of districts,with each constituency containing nearly 22,600 residents. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The House convenes within the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford.
The Democratic Party of Illinois is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the oldest extant state party in Illinois and one of just two recognized parties in the state,along with the Republican Party. It is currently the dominant party in the state,controlling the majority of Illinois' U.S. House seats,both U.S. Senate seats,both houses of the state legislature,and the governorship.
John Michael Perzel is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. Perzel represented 172nd Legislative District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1978 until 2010. From April 2003 to January 2007,he served as House Speaker. He lost his bid for re-election to Democrat Kevin Boyle in 2010. Perzel was convicted in August 2011 of a variety of corruption related charges and,in March 2012,was sentenced to 30 months in prison.
Brian C. Bosma is an American politician and lawyer who served as speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives from 2004 to 2006 and 2010 to 2020. A member of the Republican Party,Bosma has served in the Indiana House since 1986. He replaced Gordon Harper. He was originally elected in the 50th district,but was redistricted to the 88th district in 1992. The 88th district encompasses northeast Marion County and portions of Hancock and Hamilton County.
Bryan Dean Cutler is an American politician and former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. A Republican,Cutler represents the 100th legislative district of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was first elected in 2006,defeating incumbent Gibson C. Armstrong. He was elected House Majority Leader after the 2018 elections,and he became Speaker on June 22,2020,after the resignation of Mike Turzai.
Kerry Albert Benninghoff is an American politician and coroner serving as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 171st district. Elected in November 1996,he assumed office on January 7,1997.
The 2012 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 6,2012,alongside a presidential election,other elections to the United States Senate in other states,as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Casey,Jr. ran for and won re-election to a second term,defeating Republican nominee Tom Smith,and Libertarian nominee Rayburn Smith.
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives,also known as floor leaders,are congresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor. These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of their party caucuses or conferences:the House Democratic Caucus and the House Republican Conference. Depending on which party is in power,one party leader serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader.
Stephen James Shurtleff is an American politician from the state of New Hampshire. He formerly served as Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives A member of the Democratic Party,he serves as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from the Merrimack 11th district. Shurtleff is a Vietnam veteran and a retired Supervisory Deputy US Marshal. While in the NH House he has held the positions of Committee Chair,Minority Leader,as well as Majority Leader. He previously served eleven years as an At Large member of the Concord City Council.
Cris E. Dush is an American politician. A Republican,he has been a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate since 2020,elected from the 25th District. From 2014 to 2020,Dush was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives,elected from the 66th District,which then encompassed Jefferson County and Indiana County.
Brian Smith is an American politician serving as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 66th district since 2021.
