Sankt Georgen (Bayreuth)

Last updated
View from the Ordenskirche St. Georgen onto Sankt Georgen Street St.Georgen.JPG
View from the Ordenskirche St. Georgen onto Sankt Georgen Street

Sankt Georgen is an 18th-century planned new town, today a district of the city of Bayreuth in Bavaria.

Contents

Location

Engraving of the Brandenburger Weiher and the town of Sankt Georgen Bt 006altesschloss.jpg
Engraving of the Brandenburger Weiher and the town of Sankt Georgen

Sankt Georgen is located north-east of the city center of Bayreuth on the top of a hill whose southern slope is called the Stuckberg. [1] To the south it slopes down to the valley of the Red Main; to the west to the city railway station; and to the north-east to the industrial area of St. Georgen on the former Brandenburger Weiher (a large man-made mere). [2] [3] The plateau extends eastward to the Bindlacher Berg and the Oschenberg. To the east, Sankt Georgen borders on the district of Laineck. [4]

Early history - the Brandenburger Weiher

Matrosengasse with the old sailors' houses Bayreuth Matrosengasse 03.JPG
Matrosengasse with the old sailors' houses

Before 1700, the area of Sankt Georgen was virtually uninhabited. The beginnings of the later town of Sankt Georgen am See can be traced back to the construction of the Brandenberger Weiher. The county register from 1499 mentions a small pond here. In 1508, the "Weiher uffm Brand" (pond on the burn) and an associated "Weiherhaus" are documented. (Brand and Brandberg referred to the area below the Hohe Warte ridge that had been cleared by fire). Margrave Friedrich had the pond enlarged from 1509 with corvée labour. In 1516, his successors further extended the body of water until it had a surface area of 565 Tagewerks, according to a 1530 survey. It was filled from the Warme Steinach through a canal branching off at Döhlau and drained through two weirs in the direction of Bindlach. [5]

The Weiher was used as a fish pond and was the domain of the margravial court. As late as the 16th century, the name Brandenburger Weiher was officially used because it belonged to the Margraves of Brandenburg. A document from 1515 shows that the Franciscan monastery Sankt Jobst on the nearby Oschenberg was entitled to three hundredweight of carp out of an average of 200 hundredweight per year of fish caught there. [6] [7]

In the late seventeenth century Crown prince Georg Wilhelm had developed a passion for the navy on his Grand Tour to England and Holland, and this had a lasting impact on Sankt Georgen. [8] In 1695 he had a modest wooden castle built on the lake shore, which was replaced by a stone building between 1701 and 1707. Also in 1695 he had a carpenter from Münchberg build his first ship. Four magnificent frigates armed with small guns followed later, with which sea battles were staged on the lake. [9] [10] Six one-story sailor's houses and one two-storey captain's house were built on the south-west bank. [11] [12]

Margraviate of Bayreuth

Under Georg Wilhelm

The former town hall Rathaus St. Georgen (Bayreuth).jpg
The former town hall
The Ordenskirche St. Georgen Bayreuth.jpg
The Ordenskirche

In a decree of March 28, 1702 to the Bayreuth city council, Margrave Christian Ernst of Bayreuth indicated that his son and heir Georg Wilhelm wanted to erect "various buildings" on the Brandenburger Weiher. Land was acquired for the construction project, with other parcels of pasture land given in compensation to its former owners. On September 2, 1702, Georg Wilhelm's wife, Princess Sophia, laid the cornerstone for the new planned suburb of Sankt Georgen. Since Georg Wilhelm spent a lot of time that year as a general in imperial service in the camp in the Rhine Palatinate, his mother Sophie Luise initially personally took charge of the construction project, but she died in October 1702. [13] In 1704 there is mention of the prince's "three houses in St. Georg am See"("St. George on the lake"). [14]

The new town was laid out on a symmetrical plan, in the baroque style, in 1709. As in Versailles, the palace was the focal point. Two parallel streets on either side of the palace gardens, each with 24 similar houses, were planned with "the most beautiful regularity"; however only the houses in the eastern section were actually built. The owner of the first house (St. Georgen No. 29) was Georg Wilhelm's mother Princess Sophia Luise, while the owner of the second was Prince Georg Wilhelm's valet de chambre von Löwenberg. [15] :96 Other houses were built by nobles or belonged to commoners who were in the service of or dependent on Georg Wilhelm. In addition to the 24 "typical houses" along the main street, known as first as Bayreuther Gass [16] (and since 1889 as St. Georgen Street), [17] there were soon several smaller cottages on the edge of the settlement that were not subject to the strict design requirements of regularity.

In 1708 the foundation stone for the barracks of the Grenadier Guard was laid, but the plan for a town hall opposite the church, outlined in 1709, was never realised. [16] The eventual town hall was created by repurposing the buildings at St. Georgen 27 and 29 [18] which had been joined around 1745 and then used as storage by the faience factory. [15] :176

The street was dominated by the church of St. Sophia, begun in 1705 and consecrated in 1711 (Georg Wilhelm's mother was Sophia Luise, his wife Sophia and his daughter Christiane Sophie Wilhelmine). The name indicated that it was originally intended to be a family and court church. However Georg Wilhelm decided to make it the centre of worship for his newly created Ordre de la Sincérité and after its consecration it became generally known as the Ordenskirche St. Georgen. [19]

As Margrave from 1712 to 1726, Georg Wilhelm ruled in an absolutist manner, emulating the example of Louis XIV and building up considerable debts. [15] :18 In 1706 he had an opera house built to the west of the Sankt Georgen palace, and in 1708 the infantry barracks on the southern edge of the settlement. The construction of the "prison and work house" (today's prison) began in 1724, but the building complex was only completed in 1735. [15] :18 Under Margrave Alexander (1769-1791) the building was used as a "madhouse" or Sankt-Georgen-Hospital. It was converted into a "modern insane asylum" [20] at the beginning of the 19th century. [21]

Under George Friedrich Karl and Friedrich

The former town hall Rathaus St. Georgen (Bayreuth).jpg
The former town hall

Georg Wilhelm's successor Georg Friedrich Karl (1727-1735) showed no interest in expanding the town. Friedrich III (1735–1763) 1741 ordered the construction of the Gravenreuther Stift, an early retirement home with its own church, which was completed in 1744. In 1745 he granted the town of Sankt Georgen the privilege of its own independent town council. In the first election, 28-year-old master baker Adolph Fränkel was elected mayor by the 40 homeowners who acted as voters. The mayor and the six-member council were given local judicial authority. Since the higher authorities in Bayreuth threatened to delay the construction of the town hall, a town hall was quickly created by acquiring and connecting the two houses. [15] A ratskeller was opened there and a council innkeeper was appointed. However, because the building soon proved to be too large for this purpose, two thirds of the building was sold to the Protestant church administration in 1755. [8]

Up to 1733 Sankt Georgen then had been allowed to hold two horse and cattle markets per year, and in that year it asked for permission to hold monthly cattle markets. At the same time, the mayor and the city council advocated a reduction in customs duties for Jewish traders, who represented a significant element in these markets. A Jewish cattle dealer had to pay six and a half kreuzers when they arrived on foot on market day, and ten and a half kreuzers if they came on horseback. If he arrived the day before, this special taxation could rise to as high as 31+12 Kreuzer. The Margrave therefore had the customs duties reduced by half and the number of markets increased – but not to the desired extent. It was not until 1773 that cattle markets were authorised every second Tuesday. At that time, cattle could only be sold outside the Margraviate of Bayreuth if they had previously been unsuccessfully offered at least once on a domestic market. In order to better control the operations of the cattle markets, the market street was blocked off with barriers. [22]

Under Friedrich Christian and Alexander

Friedrich Christian, who ruled from 1763 to 1769, ended seafaring on the Brandenburger Weiher, and all the sailors were dismissed. A final major lake festival was celebrated under Margrave Alexander in 1771, and the lake was then drained in 1775. At that time, specialists such as parchment makers and tobacco pipe makers worked in Sankt Georgen; a lens grinding shop and a playing card factory were established, and in 1781 a bell foundry was added. [8]

Kingdom of Bavaria

In the harsh economic circumstances of the Napoleonic wars, the people of Sankt Georgen increasingly wished to join Bayreuth. In 1811 the town and the city were united by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria under a single municipality, ending 109 years of independence. The old town of Sant Georgen became the 13th district of the city, while the northern area (Grüner Baum, Matrosengasse, Straße nach Berneck) formed the 14th district. [8]

Since every house owner in Sankt Georgen had the right to brew, there were more than 20 brewers out of the approximately 900 inhabitants. [23] However, according to the new Bavarian Municipal Code, all suburbs were to cease to have any independent rights. This was not accepted by the citizens of Sankt Georgen without objections, and prompted several petitions to the king. As late as 1819, they were demanding self-government back, but in vain. [16] :141

In the 1884 regulations for the cattle markets in Bayreuth, in addition to the cattle market in the main street, the pig market at the lower fountain and the fattening cattle market on the square in front of the upper fountain are also listed. The impressive drive of up to 1500 cattle and 450 pigs also attracted buyers from Baden, Württemberg, Saxony and even Russia. [22]

20th century

The "Saubrunnen" Brunnen Bayreuth St. Georgen.JPG
The "Saubrunnen"

The Market Ordinance of 1914 prohibited cattle markets on Jewish holidays. However under pressure from the National Socialists, "conducting business in the Jewish language (Yiddish)" was banned in 1934. With the construction of the Rotmainhalle, the Sankt Georgen cattle markets were relocated there in 1935. [22]

In keeping with Bayreuth tradition, there were also bakers brewing beer in Sankt Georgen. As the last "Becknbräu" in the city, Franz Götschel (Sankt Georgen 25) practiced this double profession until 1961. [24] :154 Opposite, the Kolb drugstore operated one of Bayreuth's first two gas stations with a gas pump on the street. [24] :99

At the upper end of Brandenburger Strasse, the Royal Bavarian Councilor of Commerce Otto Rose (1839-1984) donated a sandstone fountain. The Rose Fountain is popularly known as the "Saubrunnen" ("sows' fountain") after the wooden drinking trough that previously existed on the site. [25]

In 1940, the first branch of the Municipal Savings Bank in Bayreuth was opened to the public in the building at Brandenburger Strasse 49. [26] In the 1950s, the Rex cinema opened on Brandenburger Strasse. [27] In the 1990s, on the Markgrafenallee, the new building for the Bayreuth District Office, which had been located on Tunnelstrasse, was built on a 1.7-hectare site. Groundbreaking took place on March 16, 1992, and on July 15, 1994, it was inaugurated. [28] [29] [30]

Buildings and sights

Gravenreuth Abbey Stgeorgen02.jpg
Gravenreuth Abbey
In the early 1870s, the brothers Bruno and Oskar Teuscher acquired the building complex. Oskar and his brother-in-law Albert Dietz, who had moved to Bayreuth in 1885, set up a biscuit factory there. In 1900 Oskar Teuscher became the sole owner, and two years later his son-in-law Wilhelm Koch joined the company as a partner. As a result, a prosperous candy, biscuit and gingerbread factory was established in the outbuildings; the main building was used as an office and prestigious apartment. During the Bayreuth festival, Koch regularly received illustrious guests there: Auguste Rodin visited the house, and King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra stayed there several times. [35] In 1956 the factory ceased operations. [15] :62
Leers'sches Orphanage BASA-3K-7-359-80.jpg
Leers'sches Orphanage
At least 36 deceased babies of forced laborers who were buried there from March 1943 lie in the cemetery. Their mothers, who mostly came from Poland and the Soviet Union, mainly worked in agriculture in Bayreuth and the surrounding area, but also in spinning mills and armaments factories. The location of the graves can no longer be determined. [43] At the end of the Second World War, the complex was expanded to include a war cemetery, making this is one of the largest war cemeteries in Upper Franconia.
In 2021, a grave was rediscovered in which six young French soldiers were buried between December 24, 1870 and March 16, 1871. They were among several hundred prisoners of war of the Franco-Prussian War who were interned in Sankt Georgen prison and died there of illness. [44]

Vanished buildings

The air raids on Bayreuth towards the end of the Second World War did not spare Sankt Georgen. Due to the proximity of the main train station and the immediately adjacent mechanical cotton spinning mill with the ball bearing works outsourced there, the area around Markgrafenallee and Brandenburger Straße was particularly affected. The following were destroyed by aerial bombs in April 1945:

As in many places in the city, notable buildings were demolished in Sankt Georgen after the Second World War, including:

Industry

The former Insel factory Stgeorgen09.jpg
The former Insel factory
Bayreuth Sankt Georgen halt Haltepunkt Bayreuth Sankt Georgen.JPG
Bayreuth Sankt Georgen halt

Sankt Georgen had a railway station on the Bayreuth–Warmensteinach railway line which opened in 1896 and was the second most important in the city for a century. After the turn of the millennium, the facilities were reduced to a minimum and the station, slightly moved to the east, reopened as a halt in January 2007.

The main road thoroughfares are the Brandenburger Straße, Sankt Georgen and Markgrafenallee, Grüner Baum and Bernecker Straße. In the south, Albrecht-Dürer-Strasse (Bundesstraße 2) marks the border with the district of Hammerstatt. Bundesautobahn 9, which can be reached via the nearby Bayreuth Nord junction, runs along the eastern edge of the district.

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bayreuth</span> Town in Bavaria, Germany

Bayreuth is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtel Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,148 (2015). It hosts the annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brandenburg an der Havel</span> Town in Brandenburg, Germany

Brandenburg an der Havel is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until it was replaced by Berlin in 1417.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German Earth and Stone Works</span> German SS company during WWII

German Earth and Stone Works was an SS-owned company created to procure and manufacture building materials for state construction projects in Nazi Germany. DEST was a subsidiary company of Amtsgruppe W of SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (WVHA). Both Amt. W and the WVHA were headed by Waffen-SS generals Oswald Pohl and Georg Lörner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kulmbach</span> Town in Bavaria, Germany

Kulmbach is the capital of the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany. The town, once a stronghold of the Principality of Bayreuth, is renowned for its massive Plassenburg Castle, which houses the largest tin soldier museum in the world, and for its sausages, or Bratwürste.

The University of Bayreuth is a public research university located in Bayreuth, Germany. It is one of the youngest German universities. It is broadly organized into seven undergraduate and graduate faculties, with each faculty defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. George's Abbey in the Black Forest</span>

St. George's Abbey in the Black Forest was a Benedictine monastery in St. Georgen im Schwarzwald in the southern Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</span>

George William of Brandenburg-Bayreuth was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</span> Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

Frederick (Friedrich) Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</span> Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

Frederick Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bayreuth Altstadt–Kulmbach railway</span>

The Bayreuth Altstadt–Kulmbach railway was a branch line in the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia in southern Germany. It was also known colloquially as the Thurnauer Bockela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kotzau</span>

The House of Kotzau was an old minor German noble family in Franconia, Germany.

The Ordre de la Sincérité, was an order of knighthood of the German Margrave of Bayreuth. The order's name came from 18th-century courtiers who spoke French. The order had fifty knights. It was later renamed the Order of the Brandenburg Red Eagle and later as the Order of the Red Eagle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabenstein Castle (Upper Franconia)</span> Castle in Germany

Rabenstein Castle is a former high medieval aristocratic castle in the municipality of Ahorntal in the Upper Franconian county of Bayreuth in the German state of Bavaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Countess of Brandenburg-Bayreuth</span>

Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels was a German aristocrat and culture patron, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage to George William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ordenskirche St. Georgen</span> Church building in Bavaria, Germany

The Ordenskirche St. Georgen or Sophienkirche is a church in the Sankt Georgen suburb of Bayreuth, a suburb which had been founded by George William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth as hereditary prince of the Principality of Bayreuth. The church's foundation stone was laid in 1705. Stone was supplied from twenty nearby and distant quarries and in 1709 the church's outer shell was completed. As George William had hoped, the church was consecrated on the feast day of his name-saint George, 23 April 1711, though some work had to be carried out after consecration.

Claudia Mahnke is a German operatic mezzo-soprano, a member of the Oper Frankfurt, with guest appearances at leading opera houses and the Bayreuth Festival.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isolde Beidler</span>

Isolde Josefa Ludovika Beidler was the first child of the composer Richard Wagner and his wife, who is generally known as Cosima Wagner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johann Georg August Wirth</span> German lawyer, writer, and politician

Johann Georg August Wirth was a German lawyer, writer and politician during the Vormärz period that preceded the German revolutions of 1848–1849.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanspareil</span>

Sanspareil rock garden is an English landscape garden created between 1744 and 1748 in the village also now called Sanspareil, pronounced locally in German, or the Ostfränkisch dialect as "Samberell". It is in the municipality of Wonsees in the district of Kulmbach, Bavaria.

The old palace is one of the two castles within the historic Hermitage Park to the east of the St. Johannis district of the German city of Bayreuth. The building should not be confused with the Old Palace in the city center.

References

  1. von Wolzogen, Hans (1892). Bayreuther Blätter Volume 15. Bayreuth: Allgemeinen Richard-Wagner Verein. p. 177. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  2. Archiv für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde Von Oberfranken. Bayreuth: Historischer Verein für Oberfranken. 1881. p. 11. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  3. Busch, J.M. (1851). Geschichte der Vorstadt Sct. Georgen bei Bayreuth ein historischer Versuch. Bayreuth. p. 2. Retrieved 11 September 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. Bericht der naturforschende Gesellschaft in Bamberg. Bamberg: Bamberger Neueste Nachrichten. 1897. p. 117. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  5. Fischer, Horst (2000). St. Georgen. Das Häuserbuch. Bayreuth: C. u. C. Rabenstein. pp. 1ff. ISBN   3-928683-24-1.
  6. "War Luther selbst der Terminator von St. Jobst?". goldbergknappen.de. Archiv Günther Wein. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  7. Heinritz, Johann Georg (1815). Friedrich Markgraf zu Brandenburg. Bayreuth. p. 24. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Müssel, Karl. St. Georgen am See. Die Planstadt zum Erbprinzenschloss in: 300 Jahre St. Georgen. 1702–2002. pp. 9ff.
  9. Spieß, Johann Jakob (1769). Der Brandenburgischen Historischen Münzbelustigungen. Ansbach. pp. 139, 147. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  10. "Die "Seeschlachten" von Bayreuth". itv-grabungen.de. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  11. Thissen, Heike (4 December 2018). "Seeschlachten im großen Stil". Nordbayerischer Kurier. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  12. Archiv für Geschichte und Altertumskunde von Oberfranken vol. 6. Bayreuth: Historischer Verein für Oberfranken. 1855. p. 91. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  13. "Markgräfin Sophie Luise von Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1642-1702)". deutsche-digital-bibliothek.de. Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  14. Heinritz, Johann Georg (2019). Geschichte der Stadt Bayreuth (PDF). Bayreuth: Stadtarchiv Bayreuth. p. 60. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Rabenstein, Christoph; Werner, Ronald (1994). St. Georgen Bilder und Geschichte(n). Drückhaus Bayreuth. ISBN   3922808387.
  16. 1 2 3 Müssel, Karl (1993). Bayreuth in acht Jahrhunderten. Gondrom. p. 86. ISBN   3811208098.
  17. Kohlheim, Rosa; Kohlheim, Volker (2009). Bayreuth von A-Z. Lexikon der Bayreuther Straßennamen. Bayreuth: Rabenstein. p. 101. ISBN   978-3-928683-44-9.
  18. "Was ein 250 Jahre alter Kupferstich erzählt". Nordbayerischen Kurier. March 1997.
  19. "Ordenskirche St.Georgen in Bayreuth". bayern-online.de. Bayern-online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  20. Frühinsfeld, Magdalena (1991). Kurzer Abriß der Psychiatrie. In: Anton Müller. Erster Irrenarzt am Juliusspital zu Würzburg: Leben und Werk. Kurzer Abriß der Geschichte der Psychiatrie bis Anton Müller (Thesis). Würzburg University. pp. 9–80.
  21. Götschel, Heike; Hübschmann, Ekkehard (1994). "Auf den Spuren der Psychiatrie in Bayreuth – Historische Materialien". Geschichtswerkstatt Bayreuth. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  22. 1 2 3 Schwarz, Albin (March 1997). "Von Viehmärkten und jüdischen Viehhändlern". Nordbayerischen Kurier.
  23. . Bayreuther Sonntag. 16 December 2012. p. 13.{{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. 1 2 Mayer, Berndt (1987). Bayreuth à la carte - ein Jahrhundert auf Ansichtskarten. Bayreuth à la carte - ein Jahrhundert auf Ansichtskarten. ISBN   3925361030.
  25. Bast, Eva-Maria; Thissen, Heike (2014). Bayreuther Geheimnisse. Überlingen: Bast Medien Service. pp. 157 ff. ISBN   978-3-9816796-1-8.
  26. Fuchs, Stephan-H. (1992). Bayreuth Chronik 1992. Bindlach: Gondrom. p. 48. ISBN   3-8112-0793-8.
  27. "Kino-History - Die Bayreuther Kino-Geschichte". bayreuth-guide.de. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  28. Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronik 1992, S. 97.
  29. 1 2 Bernd Mayer (1989), Bayreuth Chronik 1989 (in German), Bindlach: Gondrom, p. 54
  30. Stephan-H. Fuchs (1991), Bayreuth Chronik 1991 (in German) (1. ed.), Bindlach: Gondrom, p. 172, ISBN   3-8112-0782-2
  31. 1 2 Müssel, Karl. "St. Georgen "auf dem Brandenburger" January 2002". Nordbayerischer Kurier.
  32. Rabenstein, Christoph (July 1996). "Als es in Bayreuth noch Seeschlachten". Nordbayerischen Kurier.
  33. Kröniger, Arno (2011). Bareith steht Kupf!. Bayreuth: Akron. p. 31. ISBN   978-3-9808215-6-8.
  34. Wo die Seele Ruhe findet in: Nordbayerischer Kurier 8 January 2016, S. 20.
  35. Rabenstein, Christoph (March 2003). "Zuckerfabrikant und IHK-Präsident". Nordbayerischen Kuriers.
  36. 300 Jahre St. Georgen. 1702–2002. Bayreuth: Ellwanger. 2002.
  37. "Hort für arme elternlose Kinder In". 5 June 2021.
  38. "Stadtarchiv wie Schatzkästchen". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 1 May 2020.
  39. "Es braucht langen Atem". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 17 November 2021.
  40. "Wir über uns". brannaburger-feuerwehr.de. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  41. "St. Georgens Unterwelt entdecken". Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  42. Sitzmann, Karl (1957). Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in Ostfranken. Kulmbach: Freunde der Plassenburg e.V. Stadtarchiv Kulmbach. p. 416.
  43. "Zwangsarbeiter-Babys verhungerten". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 19 September 2020. p. 11.
  44. "Das wiederentdeckte Soldatengrab". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 12 November 2021. p. 7.
  45. Paulus, Helmut (February 1997). "Poetischer Raubmörder überführte sich selbst". Nordbayerischen Kurier.
  46. Müssel, Karl (February 2005). "Auf Leichensuche in einer Ruinenstadt". Nordbayerischen Kurier.
  47. "Die Heimat der Erbswurst". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 27 April 2017.
  48. "Spektaker der Routine". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 14 July 2017.
  49. "Modernes Wohnen statt Bierseligkeit". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 17 February 2020.
  50. 1 2 Mayer, Bernd; Mayer, Gerda (2010). Arbeiten und leben in Bayreuth. Erfurt: Sutton. ISBN   978-3-86680-745-7.
  51. Engelbrecht, Peter (2015). Der Krieg ist aus. Frühjahr 1945 in Oberfranken. Weißenstadt: Späthling. p. 69. ISBN   978-3-942668-23-1.
  52. 1 2 Mayer, Bernd (1981). Bayreuth wie es war. Blitzlichter aus der Stadtgeschichte 1850–1950. Bayreuth: Gondrom.
  53. Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, S. 78.
  54. Käse – rund um die Uhr bei nordbayerischer-kurier.de 28 May 2017, retrieved 26 August 2018.
  55. Die Möglichkeiten entdecken in: Nordbayerischer Kurier 13 December 2018, S. 11.
  56. "Kinder fuhren auf Eisschollen Floß". Nordbayerischer Kurier. 22 March 2021.