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Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland. The territory comprises the island of Greenland—the largest island in the world—and more than a hundred other smaller islands. Greenland has a 1.2 kilometre long border with Canada on Hans Island. A sparse population is confined to small settlements along certain sectors of the coast. Greenland possesses the world's second-largest ice sheet.
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada, Danish Realm (Greenland), northern Finland, Iceland, northern Norway, Russia, northernmost Sweden and the United States (Alaska). Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost under the tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.
An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica, Greenland, Northern Canada, and the Russian Arctic. The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the anchor ice that feeds it is the grounding line. The thickness of ice shelves can range from about 100 m (330 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
The East Greenland Current (EGC) is a cold, low-salinity current that extends from Fram Strait (~80N) to Cape Farewell (~60N). The current is located off the eastern coast of Greenland along the Greenland continental margin. The current cuts through the Nordic Seas and through the Denmark Strait. The current is of major importance because it directly connects the Arctic to the Northern Atlantic, it is a major contributor to sea ice export out of the Arctic, and it is a major freshwater sink for the Arctic.
The Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center (BPCRC) is a polar, alpine, and climate research center at The Ohio State University founded in 1960.
The Greenland ice sheet is a body of ice with the thickness of about 1.67 km (1.0 mi) on average, and almost 3.5 km (2.2 mi) at its thickest point. It is almost 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) long in a north–south direction, with the greatest width of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern margin. It covers 1,710,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), around 80% of the surface of Greenland, and is the second largest body of ice in the world, after the East Antarctic ice sheet. It is sometimes referred to as an ice cap, or under the term inland ice, or its Danish equivalent, indlandsis. The acronyms GIS or GrIS are also frequently used in the scientific literature.
Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice.
Peter Wadhams ScD, is emeritus professor of Ocean Physics, and Head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. He is best known for his work on sea ice.
Pingos are intrapermafrost ice-cored hills, 3–70 m (10–230 ft) high and 30–1,000 m (98–3,281 ft) in diameter. They are typically conical in shape and grow and persist only in permafrost environments, such as the Arctic and subarctic. A pingo is a periglacial landform, which is defined as a non-glacial landform or process linked to colder climates. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 pingos on Earth. The Tuktoyaktuk peninsula area has the greatest concentration of pingos in the world with a total of 1,350 pingos. There is currently remarkably limited data on pingos.
The Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling (CPOM) is a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre of Excellence that studies processes in the Earth's polar environments. CPOM conducts research on sea ice, land ice, and ice sheets using satellite observations and numerical models.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is known as one of the coldest of oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. It has also been described as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
The Fram Strait is the passage between Greenland and Svalbard, located roughly between 77°N and 81°N latitudes and centered on the prime meridian. The Greenland and Norwegian Seas lie south of Fram Strait, while the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean lies to the north. Fram Strait is noted for being the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and the World Oceans. The dominant oceanographic features of the region are the West Spitsbergen Current on the east side of the strait and the East Greenland Current on the west.
Jennifer Ann Francis is an American atmospheric scientist. She became a senior scientist at Woods Hole Research Center in 2018, after being a research professor at Rutgers University's Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences starting in 1994.
Sea ice in the Arctic has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to climate change. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas forcing is responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty‐first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade. It is also thought that summertime sea ice will cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.
KumikoGoto-Azuma is an Antarctic palaeoclimatologist and glaciologist and Director of the Ice Core Research Center at the National Institute of Polar Research, Japan.
Professor Julienne Christine Stroeve is a polar climate scientist known for her research on remote sensing of ice and snow. She is Professor of Polar Observation & Modelling at the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College London, Senior Canada-150 Research Chair in Climate Forcing of Sea Ice at the University of Manitoba, and a senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center within the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). She is also a member of the American Geophysical Union and an ISI highly cited researcher.
Caroline C. Ummenhofer is a physical oceanographer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution where she studies extreme weather events with a particular focus on the Indian Ocean. Ummenhofer makes an effort to connect her discoveries about predicting extreme weather events and precipitation to helping the nations affected.
Alison Criscitiello is an American ice core scientist, National Geographic Explorer, Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, and Director of the Canadian Ice Core Lab at the University of Alberta. In addition to her academic work, she is a co-founder of Girls on Ice Canada and an avid adventurer and mountain climber. She led the first all-women ascent of Lingsarmo and has received numerous American Alpine Club grants for her pioneering expeditions.
Arctic Basecamp is a not-for-profit science outreach organisation. It was founded in 2017. It works to promote awareness of the global risks of climate change in the Arctic to world leaders from business, policy and civil society.
References
- ↑ "Dr. Sarah Das, Associate Scientist with Tenure, Geology & Geophysics". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
- ↑ "Sarah Das". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "Dr. Sarah B. Das". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
- ↑ Johansen, Bruce E. (2017-09-15). Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science, Society, and Solutions [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-4086-9.
- ↑ Svensmark, Henrik; Calder, Nigel (2007). The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change. Icon. ISBN 978-1-84046-815-1.
- ↑ "Principal Investigators (PIs) | Disko Bay Ice Coring Project" . Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Woodwell Climate Research Center participate in COP26 UN Climate Change Conference". News Wise. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
- ↑ Fraser, Doug. "Arctic researchers want to state their case before international climate change policy makers". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and; Studies, Division on Earth and Life; Board, Ocean Studies; Board, Polar Research (2017-03-24). Antarctic Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean-Climate System: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-45603-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Institution, Woods Hole Oceanographic (2021-09-12). "A Recent Reversal Discovered in the Response of Greenland's Ice Caps to Climate Change". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ Chronicle, Deccan (2021-08-06). "22 gigatonnes of ice melted in Greenland; third biggest loss in country's history". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "Greenland ice sheet melt 'off the charts' compared with past four centuries". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ Drew Kann. "Melting of Greenland's ice is 'off the charts,' study shows". CNN. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "Polar Research Board AGU Session: Understanding Ice Sheet Surface Melt". US-SCAR. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
