The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States of America,including all the bureaus and offices in the United States Department of State,as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State,are "to build and sustain a more democratic,secure,and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community". Liberalism has been a key component of US foreign policy since its independence from Britain. Since the end of World War II,the United States has had a grand strategy which has been characterized as being oriented around primacy,"deep engagement",and/or liberal hegemony. This strategy entails that the United States maintains military predominance;builds and maintains an extensive network of allies;integrates other states into US-designed international institutions;and limits the spread of nuclear weapons.
Counterterrorism,also known as anti-terrorism,relates to the practices,military tactics,techniques,and strategies that governments,law enforcement,businesses,and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism.
An insurgency is a violent,armed rebellion by small,lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas against a larger authority. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature:small irregular forces face a large,well-equipped,regular military force state adversary. Due to this asymmetry,insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles,opting instead to blend in with the civilian population where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations.
Samantha Jane Power is an American journalist,diplomat and government official who is currently serving as the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. She previously served as the 28th United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2013 to 2017. Power is a member of the Democratic Party.
Humanitarian intervention is the use or threat of military force by a state across borders with the intent of ending severe and widespread human rights violations in a state which has not given permission for the use of force. Humanitarian interventions are aimed at ending human rights violations of individuals other than the citizens of the intervening state. Humanitarian interventions are only intended to prevent human rights violations in extreme circumstances. Attempts to establish institutions and political systems to achieve positive outcomes in the medium- to long-run,such as peacekeeping,peace-building and development aid,do not fall under this definition of a humanitarian intervention.
David Howell Petraeus is a retired United States Army general and public official. He served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 6,2011,until his resignation on November 9,2012. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA,Petraeus served 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and commander,U.S. Forces –Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from July 4,2010,to July 18,2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th commander,U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from October 13,2008,to June 30,2010,and as commanding general,Multi-National Force –Iraq (MNF-I) from February 10,2007,to September 16,2008. As commander of MNF-I,Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq.
The Responsibility to Protect is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit in order to address its four key concerns to prevent genocide,war crimes,ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The doctrine is regarded as a unanimous and well established international norm over the past two decades.
The Save Darfur Coalition was an advocacy group that called "to raise public awareness and mobilize a massive response to the atrocities in Sudan's western region of Darfur." Headquartered in Washington,D.C.,it was a coalition of more than 190 religious,political,and human rights organizations designed to campaign for a response to the atrocities of the War in Darfur. The result has become a global humanitarian crisis. Today,reports indicate that the conflict has claimed approximately 300,000 lives as a result of ethnic cleansing,disease,starvation and has displaced over 2.5 million people.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706,adopted on August 31,2006,after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Sudan,including resolutions 1556 (2004),1564 (2005),1574 (2004),1590 (2004),1591 (2005),1593 (2004),1663 (2006),1665 (2006) and 1679 (2006),the Council expanded the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) to include deployments in Darfur to enforce the Darfur Peace Agreement.
Carr Center for Human Rights Policy is a research center at Harvard Kennedy School founded in 1999. The center's scholars address issues related to human rights,including human security,global governance and civil society,economic justice,and equality and discrimination.
Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by the military in several countries,including the United States,France,and the United Kingdom,to describe an integrated,or multi-country approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency in a foreign state. This foreign state is known as the Host Nation (HN) under the US doctrine. The term counter-insurgency is commonly used for FID.
Mark A. Moyar is the former Director of the Office for Civilian-Military Cooperation at the US Agency for International Development. He currently serves as the William P. Harris Chair of Military History at Hillsdale College. He served previously as the Director of the Project on Military and Diplomatic History at the Center for Strategic and International Studies,and has been a Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and a member of the Hoover Institution Working Group on the Role of Military History in Contemporary Conflict.
The Obama Doctrine is used to describe one or several principles of the foreign policy of U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2015,during an interview with The New York Times,Obama said:"You asked about an Obama doctrine,the doctrine is we will engage,but we preserve all our capabilities".
Tyler S. Moselle is a former Acting Executive Director and research associate of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He was educated at Brigham Young University,where he received a bachelor's degree in Middle Eastern and African history,and Harvard,where he received a master's in politics. His master's thesis Natural Evil in Politics,has been referenced in a 2010 philosophy symposium in Colombia. and was published by the Carr Center in 2007.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590,adopted unanimously on 24 March 2005,after recalling resolutions 1547 (2004),1556 (2004),1564 (2004),1574 (2004),1585 (2005) and 1588 (2005) on the situation in Sudan,the Council established the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months.
The responsibility to protect (R2P) is a widely endorsed and developing norm aimed at preventing humanitarian atrocities. China has been surprisingly receptive towards the development of R2P since its inception in 2001,despite China's traditional tendency to obstruct engagement in humanitarian crises. As veto-wielding Security Council member,important regional power,and major economic power,with interests in states experiencing,or vulnerable to,humanitarian crisis,including Nigeria,Zimbabwe,Angola and Sudan,the support of China for R2P is vital.
The White House released the United States' first strategy to address "ideologically inspired" violence in August 2011. Entitled Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States,the eight-page document outlines "how the Federal Government will support and help empower American communities and their local partners in their grassroots efforts to prevent violent extremism." The strategy was followed in December 2011 by a more detailed Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States. The National Strategy for Empowering Local Partners and the strategic implementation plan (SIP) resulted from the identification of violent extremism and terrorism inspired by "al-Qaeda and its affiliates and adherents" as the "preeminent security threats" to the United States by the 2010 National Security Strategy and the 2011 National Strategy for Counterterrorism. Regardless of the priorization of the threat from al-Qaeda's ideology,both the strategy and SIP are geared towards all types of extremism without focus on a particular ideology.
The "Hillary Doctrine" is the doctrine of former United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton,particularly in reference to her stance that women's rights and violence against women should be considered issues of national security. The doctrine encompasses stances she has held before,during,and after her tenure as secretary.
The Assistant Secretary of State for Conflict and Stabilization Operations is the head of the Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations within the United States Department of State,supporting the department's conflict and crisis-response efforts. The assistant secretary reports to the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security,Democracy,and Human Rights.
