Self-rated health

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Self-rated health (also called Self-reported health, Self-assessed health, or perceived health) refers to both a single question such as "in general, would you say that your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" and a survey questionnaire in which participants assess different dimensions of their own health. This survey technique is commonly used in health research for its ease of use and its power in measuring health. [1]

Contents

Single question

Self-rated health measures the present general health and gives answer choices, typically structured like a Likert Scale. The self-rated health question may take different forms. It may be formulated as "in general, would you say that your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" as the first question in the SF-36 questionnaire. [2] It may also be formulated as "In general, how would you rate your health today," with the possible choices being "very good" (1), "good" (2), "moderate" (3), "bad" (4) or "very bad" (5), as used by the World Health Organization. [3] All questions do not necessarily have five answer choices; there can be more or less[ citation needed ].

The self-rated health question is purposely vague so as to seize people's own assessment of health according to their own definition of health. [4] Although the answer to the self-rated health question is based on what people think—and thus is subjective—it is a statistically powerful predictor of mortality in the general population [5] [6] [7] and has also been shown to predict morbidity. [8]

However, it is also possible that there are systematic differences in how individuals with specific characteristics report their health. A study of data collected from England's annual health survey found that people who reported their health as 'poor', living in areas of high deprivation generally had worse health than those who reported their health as 'poor' living in the least deprived areas. [9] [10] This could mean that using self-reported health data may under-estimate health inequalities or health disparities.

Methodological strength

Validity

The strong association between self-rated health and mortality [5] is used as proof that this measurement is valid, because mortality is considered as the most objective measurement of the general health of an individual. [11]

Reliability

The self-rated health question has been found to be a reliable measurement of general health since respondents rated the same general health assessment within a period where their health was unlikely to change. [12] Despite the reliability of the measurement, the self-rated health question "in general, would you say that you health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" is particularly vague. Thus, this measurement has low level in reliability test than other self-rated measurements that assess a more specific aspect of health. [12]

Questionnaires

Self-rated health, as measured by a questionnaire, attempts to measure health in all its dimensions. In such a questionnaire, participants answer a series of questions which are typically structured using a Likert Scale. The SF-36 questionnaire is an example of tool for self-assessed overall health. The SF-36 questionnaire addresses several dimensions of physical and mental health.[ citation needed ]

Uses of self-rated health

Considering that self-reported health is a powerful predictor of mortality [5] and considering its easy application, this subjective measure of health is often used in health research and large-scale surveys. [4] [13] This measure helps follow the evolution of health across time and between populations.[ citation needed ]

Publication

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Lorem, Geir; Cook, Sarah; Leon, David A.; Emaus, Nina; Schirmer, Henrik (17 March 2020). "Self-reported health as a predictor of mortality: A cohort study of its relation to other health measurements and observation time". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 4886. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4886L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61603-0. hdl: 10037/18350 .
  2. ↑ Ware JE, Gandek B (November 1998). "Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 51 (11): 903–12. doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00081-x. PMID   9817107.
  3. ↑ Subramanian SV, Huijts T, Avendano M (February 2010). "Self-reported health assessments in the 2002 World Health Survey: how do they correlate with education?". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 88 (2): 131–8. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.067058 (inactive 5 December 2024). PMC   2814481 . PMID   20428370. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  4. 1 2 Snead CM (2007). Ritzer G (ed.). "Self-rated Health". Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology: 31–33. doi:10.1111/b.9781405124331.2007.x (inactive 18 December 2024). hdl: 10138/224218 . ISBN   9781405124331.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  5. 1 2 3 Idler EL, Benyamini Y (March 1997). "Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 38 (1): 21–37. doi:10.2307/2955359. hdl: 2027.42/150587 . JSTOR   2955359. PMID   9097506.
  6. ↑ Singh-Manoux A, Dugravot A, Shipley MJ, Ferrie JE, Martikainen P, Goldberg M, Zins M (December 2007). "The association between self-rated health and mortality in different socioeconomic groups in the GAZEL cohort study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (6): 1222–8. doi:10.1093/ije/dym170. PMC   2610258 . PMID   18025034.
  7. ↑ Franks P, Gold MR, Fiscella K (June 2003). "Sociodemographics, self-rated health, and mortality in the US". Social Science & Medicine. 56 (12): 2505–14. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00281-2. PMID   12742613.
  8. ↑ Latham K, Peek CW (January 2013). "Self-rated health and morbidity onset among late midlife U.S. adults". The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 68 (1): 107–16. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs104. PMC   3605944 . PMID   23197340.
  9. ↑ "Underestimating health disparities based on self-reported data". 18 September 2024.
  10. ↑ Fforde R, Parsons N, Oyebode O (September 2024). "Does socioeconomic status modify how individuals perceive or describe their own health? An assessment of reporting heterogeneity in the Health Survey for England". BMJ Public Health 2024. 2 (2): e000813. doi:10.1136/bmjph-2023-000813.
  11. ↑ Quesnel-Vallée A (December 2007). "Self-rated health: caught in the crossfire of the quest for 'true' health?". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (6): 1161–4. doi: 10.1093/ije/dym236 . PMID   18056123.
  12. 1 2 Lundberg O, Manderbacka K (September 1996). "Assessing reliability of a measure of self-rated health". Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 24 (3): 218–24. doi:10.1177/140349489602400314. PMID   8878376.
  13. ↑ Fayers P (2005). Assessing Quality Of Life In Clinical Trials: Methods And Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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