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Decomposition or rot is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. Animals, such as worms, also help decompose the organic materials. Organisms that do this are known as decomposers or detritivores. Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word taphos, meaning tomb. Decomposition can also be a gradual process for organisms that have extended periods of dormancy.
Putrefaction is the fifth stage of death, following pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis. This process references the breaking down of a body of an animal post-mortem. In broad terms, it can be viewed as the decomposition of proteins, and the eventual breakdown of the cohesiveness between tissues, and the liquefaction of most organs. This is caused by the decomposition of organic matter by bacterial or fungal digestion, which causes the release of gases that infiltrate the body's tissues, and leads to the deterioration of the tissues and organs. The approximate time it takes putrefaction to occur is dependent on various factors. Internal factors that affect the rate of putrefaction include the age at which death has occurred, the overall structure and condition of the body, the cause of death, and external injuries arising before or after death. External factors include environmental temperature, moisture and air exposure, clothing, burial factors, and light exposure.
The University of Windsor is a public research university in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's southernmost university. It has approximately 12,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students and 4,000 graduate students. The university was incorporated by the provincial government in 1962 and has more than 135,000 alumni.
The Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), also known as "l'université du peuple", established in 1969 and mainly located in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, is a public university within the Université du Québec network. As of April 2016, the university had 14,500 students in 9 different campuses, including the main one in Trois-Rivières. About 788 of them come from overseas, from 50 countries. The university has given more than 88,000 diplomas since its founding. The Trois-Rivières campus also holds a large library with about 400,000 documents.
Thanatology is the scientific study of death and the losses brought about as a result. It investigates the mechanisms and forensic aspects of death, such as bodily changes that accompany death and the postmortem period, as well as wider psychological and social aspects related to death. It is primarily an interdisciplinary study offered as a course of study at numerous colleges and universities.
A body farm is a research facility where decomposition of humans and other animals can be studied in a variety of settings. The initial facility was conceived by anthropologist William M. Bass in 1981 at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Bass was interested in studying the decomposition of a human corpse from the time of death to the time of decay. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the decomposition process, permitting the development of techniques for extracting information such as the timing and circumstances of death from human remains. Body farm research is of particular interest in forensic anthropology and related disciplines, and has applications in the fields of law enforcement and forensic science. By placing the bodies outside to face the elements, researchers are able to get a better understanding of the decomposition process.
William Marvin Bass III is an American forensic anthropologist, best known for his research on human osteology and human decomposition. He has also assisted federal, local, and non-U.S. authorities in the identification of human remains. He taught at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, and founded the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility, the first such facility in the world. The Facility is more popularly known as "The Body Farm", a name used by crime author Patricia Cornwell in a novel of the same name, which drew inspiration from Bass and his work. Bass has also described the body farm as "Death's Acre" – the title of the book on his life and career, co-written with journalist Jon Jefferson. Jefferson and Bass, under the pen name "Jefferson Bass", have also written several fictional works: Carved In Bone, Flesh and Bone, The Devil's Bones, Bones of Betrayal, The Bone Thief, The Bone Yard, The Inquisitor's Key, Cut To the Bone, and The Breaking Point. Though currently retired from teaching, Bass still plays an active research role in the University's forensic anthropology program.
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The Body Farm is a crime fiction novel by Patricia Cornwell. It is the fifth book in the Dr. Kay Scarpetta series.
The University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility, better known as the Body Farm and sometimes seen as the Forensic Anthropology Facility, was conceived in 1971 and established in 1972 by anthropologist William M. Bass as the first facility for the study of decomposition of human remains. It is located a few miles from downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, US, behind the University of Tennessee Medical Center, and is part of the Forensic Anthropology Center, which was established by Dr. Bass in 1987.
Arpad Alexander Vass is a research scientist and forensic anthropologist. He is also a teaching associate with the Law Enforcement Innovation Center, which is part of the University of Tennessee's Institute for Public Service.
The University of Tennessee is a public land-grant research university in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1794, two years before Tennessee became the 16th state, it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system, with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges. It hosts more than 30,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State (FACTS) is a 26-acre forensic anthropology research facility located on the Freeman Ranch in San Marcos, Texas. It is one of the seven extant body farms in the United States and the largest such forensics research facility in the world.
Pierre Margot is a Swiss forensics scientist known for his contribution to the invention of the first forensic light source Polilight for the detection of fingerprint, biological fluids and other evidence on the crime scene. This new technology was named by the Powerhouse Museum as one of the top 100 Australian innovations of the 20th century. It was a great revolution in the field of forensic identification since this light could be used at the crime scene, unlike lasers at that time.
Margaret Mary Sheil is an Australian academic and the Vice Chancellor and President of Queensland University of Technology.
The smell of death is a smell occurring during decomposition. It is made up of over 800 different chemicals. There have been efforts to synthesize death smell. It has also been use as evidence in court trials involving murder.
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Rollande Deslandes is a Canadian university professor of Education Sciences at the University of Quebec in Trois-Rivieres. Deslandes is known for her expertise on parenting, parental involvement and relations between schools, families and communities.
Bruno Georges Pollet, educated in Grenoble, Aberdeen and Coventry, is a French chemist and electrochemist, a Fellow of the UK Royal Society of Chemistry, professor of chemistry, director of the Green Hydrogen Lab, co-director of the Institute for Hydrogen Research at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières in Canada and adjunct professor in Renewable Energy at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). He has worked on Hydrogen Energy in the UK, Japan, South Africa, Norway and Canada. He is regarded as one of the most prominent Hydrogen experts in the world. He is a member of the Council of Engineers for the Energy Transition (CEET): An Independent Advisory Council to the United Nations’ Secretary-General. He is President of the Green Hydrogen Division of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy, member of the Board of Directors of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy, member of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (CHFCA) and member of the Board of Directors of Hydrogène Québec. He was awarded two prestigious NSERC Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Green Hydrogen Production, and the Innergex Renewable Energy Research Chair focussing on the next generation of hydrogen production and water electrolyzers. He was also awarded the "IAHE Sir William Grove Award" for his work in hydrogen, fuel cell and electrolyser technologies by the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE). His research field covers a wide range of areas within electrochemistry, electrochemical energy conversion and sonoelectrochemistry. This includes the development of new materials; storage of hydrogen and fuel cells; water treatment / disinfection; demonstrators and prototypes. Together with Torstein Dale Sjøtveit, he was member of the foundation group for the establishment of FREYR Battery in Norway.
References
- ↑ "La décomposition humaine se poursuit même en hiver, découvre l'UQTR". Journal de Montreal (in French). Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ↑ "Windsor Gains Expertise". University of Windsor. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ↑ Congress, The Library of. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ Power, Julie (10 April 2015). "Lunch with new body farm queen, Shari Forbes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- 1 2 "Shari Forbes". University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 "She's in charge of Canada's first 'body farm' and yes, she knows that's creepy". The Hamilton Spectator. 29 November 2019. ISSN 1189-9417 . Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ Verheggen, François; Perrault, Katelynn A.; Megido, Rudy Caparros; Dubois, Lena M.; Francis, Frédéric; Haubruge, Eric; Forbes, Shari L.; Focant, Jean-François; Stefanuto, Pierre-Hugues (1 July 2017). "The Odor of Death: An Overview of Current Knowledge on Characterization and Applications". BioScience. 67 (7): 600–613. doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix046 . ISSN 0006-3568.
- ↑ "What's Your Big Idea?—Bill Bass". YouTube. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ↑ "Forensic Anthropology Center". University of Tennessee Knoxville.
- ↑ "Canada's 1st forensics body farm is coming this summer". CBC Radio. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Qu'est-ce que REST[ES]?". Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Fellows - The Royal Society of NSW". www.royalsoc.org.au. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
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