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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.
Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. About 70% of affected people do not have symptoms when infected. When symptoms occur, they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. Symptoms can include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain with sex. Having trichomoniasis increases the risk of getting HIV/AIDS. It may also cause complications during pregnancy.
Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva. Symptoms may include itching, burning, pain, discharge, and a bad smell. Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during pregnancy.
Nonoxynol-9, sometimes abbreviated as N-9, is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant. It is a member of the nonoxynol family of nonionic surfactants. N-9 and related compounds are ingredients in various cleaning and cosmetic products. It is widely used in contraceptives for its spermicidal properties.
Microbicides for sexually transmitted infections are pharmacologic agents and chemical substances that are capable of killing or destroying certain microorganisms that commonly cause sexually transmitted infection.
Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for an individual's overall health. The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species.
A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex. STIs often do not initially cause symptoms, which results in a risk of passing the infection on to others. Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. Some STIs can cause infertility.
Female genital disease is a disorder of the structure or function of the female reproductive system that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Female genital diseases can be classified by affected location or by type of disease, such as malformation, inflammation, or infection.
Frederick Wabwire-Mangen is a Ugandan physician, public health specialist and medical researcher. Currently he is Professor of Epidemiology and Head of Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics at Makerere University School of Public Health. Wabwire-Mangen also serves as the Chairman of Council of Kampala International University and a founding member of Accordia Global Health Foundation’s Academic Alliance
David M. Serwadda is a Ugandan physician, medical researcher, academic, public health specialist and medical administrator. Currently he is a Professor of Public Health at Makerere University School of Public Health, one of the schools of Makerere University College of Health Sciences, a semi-autonomous constituent college of Makerere University, the oldest university in Uganda. Serwadda is also a founding member of Accordia Global Health Foundation's Academic Alliance.
CAPRISA 004 is the name of a clinical trial conducted by CAPRISA. This particular study was the first to show that a topical gel could reduce a person's risk of contracting HIV. The gel used in the study contained a microbicide.
Zeda Fran Rosenberg is an American microbiologist and epidemiologist, active in HIV biology and prevention. She is the chief executive officer of the International Partnership for Microbicides (IPM). IPM was founded by Rosenberg in 2002 and is a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing microbicides and other innovative HIV prevention products and making them available for women in developing countries.
CONRAD is a non-profit organization scientific research organization that works to improve the reproductive health of women, especially in developing countries. CONRAD was established in 1986 under a cooperative agreement between Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS) and the United States Agency for International Development(USAID). CONRAD’s products are developed primarily for women in low-resource settings, in that they are designed to be safe, affordable and user-friendly. CONRAD is led by Scientific and Executive Director Gustavo Doncel, M.D., Ph.D. Primary funding for CONRAD comes from the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), with additional funding from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
A rectal microbicide is a microbicide for rectal use. Most commonly such a product would be a topical gel inserted into the anus so that it make act as protection against the contract of a sexually transmitted infection during anal sex.
A vaginal microbicide is a microbicide for vaginal use, generally as protection against the contraction of a sexually transmitted infection during vaginal sexual intercourse. Vaginal microbicides are topical gels or creams inserted into the vagina.
Lactobacillus jensenii is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. L. jensenii makes up 23% of vaginal microflora that is naturally occurring. It is also found on the skins of grapes at the time of their harvest. L. jensenii is sometimes used in producing fermented foods.
Elizabeth Anne Bukusi FAAS is a research professor working within the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, and global health. Bukusi's main areas of research focus around sexually transmitted infections, women's health, reproductive health, and HIV care, prevention and treatment. Bukusi is the Chief Research Officer at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and led a "landmark" study on the use of PrEP in Kenya.
Jeanne M. Marrazzo is an American physician-scientist and infectious diseases specialist. She is the director of the University of Alabama School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and focuses on prevention of HIV infection using biomedical interventions. Marrazzo is also a fellow of the American College of Physicians and Infectious Disease Society of America. On August 2, 2023 Lawrence A. Tabak, acting director for the National Institutes of Health, named Jeanne M. Marrazzo as director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Lisa Cencia Rohan is an American chemist and pharmaceutical scientist.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Carpenter, Mackenzie (May 15, 2001). "A woman's focus on AIDS". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- 1 2 Roth, Mark (June 30, 2008). "The Thinkers: Pitt researcher sees female side of global AIDS fight". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Nugent, Robert P.; Krohn, Marijane A.; Hillier, Sharon (March 1991). "Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 29 (2): 297–301. doi: 10.1128/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991 . PMC 269757 . PMID 1706728 . Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- 1 2 "Sharon L. Hillier, PhD". upmc.com. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Magee Researcher Leads International HIV Effort" (PDF). pittmed.health.pitt.edu. Spring 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- 1 2 "Sharon Hillier, Ph.D." mtnstopshiv.org. Microbicide Trials Network. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Srikameswaran, Anita; Lukasiak, Marc (November 30, 2009). "NIH Awards $12.5 Million for Center on Sexually Transmitted Infections". chronicle.pitt.edu. Pitt Chronicle. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Sharon Hillier receives award at international meeting". mtnstopshiv.org. Microbicide Trials Network. June 24, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Fraser, Jeffery (September 7, 2010). "Window on the World: International and Global Research and Education at Pitt". chronicle.pitt.edu. Pitt Chronicle. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Sachan, Dinsa (September 3, 2015). "A self-proclaimed 'vaginal ecologist' is determined to halt the transmission of HIV to women". pri.org. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Nath, Jessica (December 27, 2013). "Pittsburgh-Based Microbicide Trials Network Creates HIV Prevention Products". wesa.fm. WESA. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ "ANNUAL REPORT 2015–2016" (PDF). pharmacy.pitt.edu. Fall 2016. p. 12. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Sharon Hillier to receive 2019 Women who Rock Award". eurekalert.org. American Association for the Advancement of Science. March 11, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Baron, Jennifer (August 7, 2019). "Why Dr. Sharon Hillier is a woman who rocks". nextpittsburgh.com. NEXTpittsburgh. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
