Shell balance

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In fluid mechanics, a shell balance can be used to determine the velocity profile of a moving fluid, i.e,. how fluid velocity changes with position across a flow cross section.

Contents

A "shell" is a differential element of the flow. By looking at the momentum and forces on one small portion, it is possible to integrate over the flow to see the larger picture of the flow as a whole. The balance is determining what goes into and out of the shell. Momentum is created within the shell through fluid entering and leaving the shell and by shear stress. In addition, there are pressure and gravitational forces on the shell. From this, it is possible to find a velocity for any point across the flow.

Applications

Shell balances can be used in many situations. For example, flow in a pipe, the flow of multiple fluids around each other, or flow due to pressure difference. Although terms in the shell balance and boundary conditions will change, the basic set up and process is the same.

Requirements for shell balance calculations

The fluid must exhibit:

Boundary Conditions are used to find constants of integration.

Performing shell balances

A fluid is flowing between and in contact with two horizontal surfaces of contact area A. A differential shell of height Δy is utilized (see diagram below).

Diagram of the shell balance process in fluid mechanics Shell Balance Diagram.png
Diagram of the shell balance process in fluid mechanics

The top surface is moving at velocity U and the bottom surface is stationary.

Conservation of momentum

To perform a shell balance, follow the following basic steps:

  1. Find momentum from shear stress.(Momentum from Shear Stress Into System) - (Momentum from Shear Stress Out of System). Momentum from Shear Stress goes into the shell at y and leaves the system at y + Δy. Shear stress = τyx, area = A, momentum = τyxA.
  2. Find momentum from the flow. Momentum flows into the system at x = 0 and out at x = L. The flow is steady state. Therefore, the momentum flow at x = 0 is equal to the moment of flow at x = L. Therefore, these cancel out.
  3. Find gravity force on the shell.
  4. Find pressure forces.
  5. Plug into conservation of momentum and solve for τyx.
  6. Apply Newton's law of viscosity for a Newtonian fluid τyx = -μ(dVx/dy).
  7. Integrate to find the equation for velocity and use Boundary Conditions to find constants of integration.

Boundary 1: Top Surface: y = 0 and Vx = U

Boundary 2: Bottom Surface: y = D and Vx = 0

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