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Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 9,725. Its county seat is Jefferson. Marion County is in East Texas and is named for Francis Marion, the Revolutionary War general from South Carolina who was nicknamed the "Swamp Fox".
The 1848 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from June 7 to 9 in Philadelphia. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana for president and former Representative Millard Fillmore of New York for vice president.
More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) and in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy, disenfranchisement, and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states. Historian Canter Brown Jr. noted that in some states, such as Florida, the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The following is a partial list of notable African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900. Dates listed are the year that a term states or the range of years served if multiple terms.
This is a selected bibliography of the main scholarly books and articles of Reconstruction, the period after the American Civil War, 1863–1877.
African-American candidates for president of the United States from major parties include U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL), elected president of the United States in 2008. He was the first African American to win a presidential election and the first African American to serve as president of the United States. He was re-elected as president in 2012. There had been several candidates in the years before.
William Madison McDonald, nicknamed "Gooseneck Bill", was an American politician, businessman, and banker of great influence in Texas during the late nineteenth century. Part of the Black and Tan faction, by 1892 he was elected to the Republican Party of Texas's state executive committee, as temporary chairman in 1896, and as permanent state chairman in 1898.
African American Texans or Black Texans are residents of the state of Texas who are of African ancestry and people that have origins as African-American slaves. African Americans formed a unique ethnic identity in Texas while facing the problems of societal and institutional discrimination as well as colorism for many years. The first person of African heritage to arrive in Texas was Estevanico, who came to Texas in 1528.
Benjamin Franklin Williams (1819–1886) was a Methodist minister and Republican politician who served three terms in the Texas Legislature, served as a delegate to two Texas Constitutional Conventions, and helped found the freedmen's community of Kendleton.
John Mason Brewer was an American folklorist, scholar, and writer noted for his work on African-American folklore in Texas. He studied at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and Indiana University Bloomington, while he taught at Samuel Huston College in Austin, Texas, Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas, Claflin College in Orangeburg, South Carolina, Texas Southern University in Houston, Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas. He published numerous collections of folklore and poetry, most notably The Word on the Brazos (1953), Aunt Dicey Tales (1956), Dog Ghosts and Other Texas Negro Folk Tales (1958), and Worser Days and Better Times (1965).
Maud Anna Berry Fuller, also known as M. A. B. Smith and M. A. B. Fuller, was an American educator and a leader in the Baptist church. She was the founder and the editor of the Woman's Helper, a national newspaper. Fuller served for 41 years as the president of the National Baptist Convention's Women's Auxiliary.
Greene Shadrach Washington Lewis was a leader among African Americans and a state legislator in Alabama during the Reconstruction era 1868–1876. He represented Perry County, Alabama.
David Webster Flanagan was a Republican state senator in Texas. His father, James Winright Flanagan, served as Lieutenant Governor and U.S. Senator from Texas.
John Carraway was a tailor, seaman, civil rights activist, and politician in the United States. In Alabama during the Reconstruction era, he served as a delegate to the 1867 Alabama Constitutional Convention. He also served on Mobile, Alabama's city council, and in the Alabama House of Representatives.
Col. William Murrell, Jr. also known simply as William Murrell, was an American newspaper editor, and politician. He represented Madison Parish in the Louisiana House of Representatives from for two terms.
The American Citizen was a newspaper published in Kansas City and Topeka, Kansas from 1888 to 1909.
Adam Gachet, sometimes written Adam Gashet, was a Baptist minister and state legislator in Alabama. He represented Barbour County, Alabama. He was enslaved until 1865. He is commemorated on a historical marker listing state legislators in Alabama who were African American and served during the Reconstruction era.
W. H. Rogers was an American politician. He was a state legislator in Georgia and was the only African-American to serve in the 99th Georgia State Assembly. He represented McIntosh County, Georgia from 1902 until 1907.
Joseph Connaughton was a state legislator in Louisiana. He was elected to two terms. He only served part of his second term in the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was African American.
William Patrick Mabson Sr., was an American educator, minister, newspaper owner, editor, and politician. He was a state legislator in North Carolina for at least two terms, active during the Reconstruction era. Mabson was one of the founders of Freedom Hill in Edgecombe County, North Carolina.
Archie Philip McDonald was an American historian with a focus on the history of Texas. He served as director of the East Texas Historical Association as well as editor of the East Texas Historical Journal, from 1971 until his 2008 retirement, a 37 year span. For over 40 years of his life, he was faculty at Stephen F. Austin State University, and during his tenure also served as the university's community liaison. By 1983, he had authored 16 books, largely about Texan history; that number had risen to over 20 by 2003.
References
- ↑ Glasrud, Bruce A.; McDonald, Archie P. (August 30, 2008). Blacks in East Texas History: Selections from the East Texas Historical Journal ; Edited by Bruce A. Glasrud and Archie P. McDonald ; Foreword by Cary D. Wintz ; with Contributions by Alwyn Barr ... [et Al.]. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-041-7 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Awbrey, Betty Dooley; Dooley, Claude (October 25, 2005). Why Stop?: A Guide to Texas Historical Roadside Markers. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-482-5 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Shabazz, Amilcar (November 16, 2005). Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7598-8 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Lincove, David (January 30, 2000). Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-06501-9 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Winkler, Ernest William (August 30, 1916). "Platforms of Political Parties in Texas". The University – via Google Books.
- ↑ Taylor, Quintard (May 17, 1999). In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West 1528-1990. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-24636-0 – via Google Books.
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