The Swedish Social Democratic Party,formally the SwedishSocial Democratic Workers' Party,usually referred to as The Social Democrats,is a social-democratic and democratic socialist political party in Sweden. Founded in 1889,the SAP is the country's oldest and currently largest party.
Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite". It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians,parties and movements since that time,often as a pejorative. Within political science and other social sciences,several different definitions of populism have been employed,with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether.
Democratization,or democratisation,is the democratic transition to a more democratic political regime,including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
An illiberal democracy describes a governing system that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures". There is a lack of consensus among experts about the exact definition of illiberal democracy or whether it even exists.
Barrington Moore Jr. was an American political sociologist,and the son of forester Barrington Moore.
Theda Skocpol is an American sociologist and political scientist,who is currently the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology at Harvard University. She is best known as an advocate of the historical-institutional and comparative approaches,as well as her "state autonomy theory". She has written widely for both popular and academic audiences. She has been President of the American Political Science Association and the Social Science History Association.
The Godesberg Program of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) was ratified in 1959 at a convention in the town of Bad Godesberg near Bonn. It represented a fundamental change in the orientation and goals of the SPD,rejecting the aim of replacing capitalism while adopting a commitment to reform capitalism and a mass party orientation that appealed to ethical rather than class-based considerations. It also rejected nationalization as a major principle of socialism.
Adam Przeworski is a Polish-American professor of political science specializing in comparative politics. He is Carroll and Milton Professor Emeritus in the Department of Politics of New York University. He is a scholar of democratic societies,theory of democracy,social democracy and political economy,as well as an early proponent of rational choice theory in political science.
Liberal democracy,substantive democracy or western democracy is a form of government that combines the structure of a representative democracy with the principles of liberal political philosophy. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties,a separation of powers into different branches of government,the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society,a market economy with private property,universal suffrage,and the equal protection of human rights,civil rights,civil liberties and political freedoms for all people. To define the system in practice,liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution,either codified or uncodified,to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government. A liberal democracy may take various and mixed constitutional forms:it may be a constitutional monarchy or a republic. It may have a parliamentary system,a presidential system,or a semi-presidential system (France). Liberal democracies are contrasted with illiberal democracies and with dictatorships.
Ira I. Katznelson is an American political scientist and historian,noted for his research on the liberal state,inequality,social knowledge,and institutions,primarily focused on the United States. His work has been characterized as an "interrogation of political liberalism in the United States and Europe—asking for definition of its many forms,their origins,their strengths and weaknesses,and what kinds there can be".
Socialism of the 21st century is an interpretation of socialist principles first advocated by German sociologist and political analyst Heinz Dieterich and taken up by a number of Latin American leaders. Dieterich argued in 1996 that both free-market industrial capitalism and 20th-century socialism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity such as poverty,hunger,exploitation of labour,economic oppression,sexism,racism,the destruction of natural resources and the absence of true democracy. Socialism of the 21st century has democratic socialist elements,but it also resembles Marxist revisionism.
Daniele Archibugi is an Italian economic and political theorist. He works on the economics and policy of innovation and technological change,on the political theory of international relations and on political and technological globalisation.
Reactionary modernism is a term first coined by Jeffrey Herf in the 1980s to describe the mixture of "great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy" that was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism. In turn,this ideology of reactionary modernism was closely linked to the original,positive view of the Sonderweg,which saw Germany as the great Central European power neither of the West nor of the East.
Left-wing populism,also called social populism,is a political ideology that combines left-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric often consists of anti-elitism,opposition to the Establishment,and speaking for the "common people". Recurring themes for left-wing populists include economic democracy,social justice,and scepticism of globalization. Socialist theory plays a lesser role than in traditional left-wing ideologies.
Centre-left politics is the range of left-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre and broadly conform with progressivism. Ideologies of the centre-left include social democracy,social liberalism and green politics. Ideas commonly supported by the centre-left include welfare capitalism,social justice,liberal internationalism,and multiculturalism. Economically,the centre-left supports a mixed economy in a democratic capitalist system,often including economic interventionism,progressive taxation,and the right to unionize. Centre-left politics are contrasted with far-left politics that reject capitalism or advocate revolution.
Sabrina Petra Ramet is an American academic,educator,editor and journalist. She specializes in Eastern European history and politics and is a Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim.
Democratic backsliding,also called autocratization,is "a process of regime change towards autocracy that makes the exercise of political power in a democracy more arbitrary and repressive. An autocratization process typically restricts the space for public contestation and political participation in the process of government selection". Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions,such as the peaceful transition of power or free and fair elections,or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracy,especially freedom of expression.
Techno-populism is either a populism in favor of technocracy or a populism concerning certain technology –usually information technology –or any populist ideology conversed using digital media. It can be employed by single politicians or whole political movements respectively. Neighboring terms used in a similar way are technocratic populism,technological populism and cyber-populism. Italy’s Five Star Movement and France’s La République En Marche! have been described as technopopulist political movements.
Populism in the United States reaches back to the Presidency of Andrew Jackson in the 1830s and to the People's Party in the 1890s. It has made a resurgence in modern-day politics in not only the United States but also democracies around the world. Populism is an approach to politics which views "the people" as being opposed to "the elite" and is often used as a synonym of anti-establishment;as an ideology,it transcends the typical divisions of left and right and has become more prevalent in the US with the rise of disenfranchisement and apathy toward the establishment. The definition of populism is a complex one as due to its mercurial nature;it has been defined by many different scholars with different focuses,including political,economic,social,and discursive features. Populism is often split into two variants in the US,one with a focus on culture and the other that focuses on economics.
Hande Eslen-Ziya is a Turkish-born,Norway-based sociologist and psychologist. She is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Populism,Anti-Gender and Democracy Research Group at the University of Stavanger in Norway. She has an established interest in gender and social inequalities,transnational organizations and social activism,and has a substantial portfolio of research in this field. Her research has been published in Gender,Work and Organisation,Emotion,Space and Society,Social Movement Studies,European Journal of Women’s Studies,Culture,Health and Sexuality,Leadership,Men and Masculinities,and Social Politics,as well as in other internationally recognized journals. She is known for her work on the concept of "troll science," that she describes as an alternative discourse created by right-wing populist ideologies such as the anti-gender movement in opposition to established scholarly discourse.
