Sign bit

In computer science, the sign bit is a bit in a signed number representation that indicates the sign of a number. Although only signed numeric data types have a sign bit, it is invariably located in the most significant bit position, ^[1] so the term may be used interchangeably with "most significant bit" in some contexts.

Almost always, if the sign bit is 0, the number is non-negative (positive or zero). ^[1] If the sign bit is 1 then the number is negative. Formats other than two's complement integers allow a signed zero: distinct "positive zero" and "negative zero" representations, the latter of which does not correspond to the mathematical concept of a negative number.

When using a complement representation, to convert a signed number to a wider format the additional bits must be filled with copies of the sign bit in order to preserve its numerical value, ^{[2] : 61–62} a process called sign extension or sign propagation. ^[3]

Sign bit weight in Two's complement

Bits	Value using Two's complement
0000	0
0001	1
0111	7
1000	−8
1001	−7
1111	−1

Two's complement is by far the most common format for signed integers. In Two's complement, the sign bit has the weight -2^w-1 where w is equal to the bits position in the number. ^[1] With an 8-bit integer, the sign bit would have the value of -2^8-1, or -128. Due to this value being larger than all the other bits combined, having this bit set would ultimately make the number negative, thus changing the sign.

Sign bit weight in Ones' complement

Bits	Value using One's complement
0000	0
0001	1
0111	7
1000	−7
1001	−6
1111	−0

Ones' complement is similar to Two's Complement, but the sign bit has the weight -(2^w-1 +1) where w is equal to the bits position in the number.^{[ citation needed ]} With an 8-bit integer, the sign bit would have a value of -(2^8-1 +1), or -127. This allows for two types of zero: positive and negative, which is not possible with Two's complement.

Sign bit in sign magnitude integers

Bits	Value using sign magnitude
0000	0
0001	1
0111	7
1000	−0
1001	−1
1111	−7

Using sign magnitude, the sign bit directly determines the sign. If the sign bit is 0, the number is positive; if the sign bit is 1, the number is negative. ^{[2] : 52–54} Similarly with Ones' Complement, this allows for both a positive and a negative zero.

Sign bit in floating-point numbers

Floating-point numbers, such as IEEE format, IBM format, VAX format, and even the format used by the Zuse Z1 and Z3 use a Sign and magnitude representation.^{[ citation needed ]}

References

1. "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Combined Volumes: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 4". Intel. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
2. Bryant, Randal E.; O'Hallaron, David R. (2003). "Chapter 2: Representing and Manipulating Information". Computer Systems: a Programmer's Perspective. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN   0-13-034074-X.
3. "Data Dictionary (Glossary and Algorithms)". Adroit Data Recovery Centre Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2014-12-15.