Silvia Marina Arrom | |
---|---|
Born | New Haven | August 26, 1949
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | Historian and Professor |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | Bryn Mawr College Stanford University |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Latin American social and legal history |
Institutions | Brandeis University |
Silvia Marina Arrom (born 26 August 1949) is an American historian of Mexico. She is the Jane's Professor Emerita of Latin American Studies at Brandeis University. [1] [2]
Arrom has published on groups and issues that have largely been ignored in traditional accounts,including women,gender,the family,social welfare,popular politics,and the poor,with particular attention to the nineteenth century. She is known for her 1985 book,The Women of Mexico City,1790–1857.
Arrom was born in 1949 to Cuban parents;Silvia (Ravelo) Arrom and JoséJuan Arrom,a distinguished professor of Latin American literature at Yale University. She grew up in New Haven,CT. In 1972,she married computer scientist David R. Oran. The couple has two children.[ citation needed ]
Arrom received her Bachelor's degree in Political Science from Bryn Mawr College in 1971. She then enrolled at Stanford University and earned her Master's and Doctoral degree in History in 1973 and 1978,respectively. [1] [3]
Arrom taught at Yale University and Indiana University before joining the faculty of Brandeis University in 1991 as the Jane's Professor of Latin American Studies. In addition to teaching in the History Department,she directed the program in Latin American and Latino Studies and was a member of the program in Women's,Gender,and Sexuality Studies. After becoming Professor Emerita in 2013,she continued lecturing,writing books,and collaborating with Mexican colleagues on research projects. [1]
Arrom has received numerous fellowships to support her research and was a fellow at the Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College in 1991. She has served on editorial boards of scholarly journals,including the Latin American Research Review , Hispanic American Historical Review , Signs ,Secuencia, [4] and Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México. [5] She served as president of the New England Council of Latin American Studies from 1996 to 1997,was the director of the Boston Area Consortium on Latin America from 1992 to 2010,and has been on the advisory board of the Asociación Latinoamericana e Ibérica de Historia Social (ALIHS) since 2019. [6]
Arrom has published four monographs,three edited volumes,and numerous scholarly articles on Latin American social and legal history,especially of Mexico from 1770–1910. [7]
Arrom's 1985 book The Women of Mexico City,examines women's legal status and the diversity of women's experiences by class,race,and marital status,and questions such stereotypes as the perpetual legal minority of women and their confinement to the domestic sphere. [8] Her co-edited volume Riots in the Cities questions the view of urban politics as an exclusively elite affair before the 20th century. [9]
Containing the Poor,which focuses on the inner workings of the Mexico City Poor House during the first century of its existence,demonstrates the failure of elite attempts to control the capital city's beggars. It also calls into question the utility of standard political markers and contrasting views of Liberals and Conservatives for institutional and social history. [10] Arrom's 2017 book Volunteering for a Cause complicates the notion of the feminization of charity by exploring its gendered dimensions. By showing the resurgence of Catholic lay organizations and the limitations of public social welfare institutions,it also contradicts the dominant narrative of the decline of religion and the construction of a strong State during the Porfirian period. [11] Her book La Güera Rodríguez focuses more squarely on the creation and persistence of historical fictions. Providing the first biography of an iconic Mexican woman,it also traces her subsequent journey from history to myth in the 20th and 21st centuries,thus highlighting the gap between history and popular memory. [12]
In her interview with Hubonor Ayala Flores,Arrom described the stereotypes she challenges as "zombie theories" that are so ingrained that they refuse to die even in the face of contradictory evidence. [6] [13]
She was elected honorary president of the XVI Reunión Internacional de Historiadores de México (XVI International Reunion of Historians of Mexico), [14] only the third woman to be so honored since the organization's founding in 1949.
Agustín de Iturbide,full name Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu and later known as Emperor Agustín I of Mexico,was an officer in the royal Spanish army. During the Mexican War of Independence he initially fought insurgent forces rebelling against the Spanish crown before changing sides in 1820 and leading a coalition of former royalists and long-time insurgents under his Plan of Iguala. The combined forces under Iturbide brought about Mexican independence in September 1821. After securing the secession of Mexico from Spain,Iturbide was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821;a year later,he was proclaimed Emperor,reigning from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823,when he abdicated. In May 1823 he went into exile in Europe. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824,he was arrested and executed.
Silvia Pinal Hidalgo is a Mexican actress. She began her career in the theater,venturing into cinema in 1949. She is one of Mexico's greatest female stars,one of the last surviving major stars from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema and part of the Golden Age of Hollywood for her film Shark! (1969). Her work in film and popularity in her native country led Pinal to work in Europe. Pinal achieved international recognition by starring in a famous film trilogy directed by Luis Buñuel:Viridiana (1961),El ángel exterminador (1962) and Simón del Desierto (1965).
Gustavo Miguel Alatriste was a Mexican actor,director,and producer of films.
María Ignacia Rodríguez de Velasco y Osorio Barba,known as la Güera Rodríguez was a wealthy American-born Spanish woman and a proponent of Mexican independence,today considered a heroine of independence. She was a longtime friend of Agustín de Iturbide,a royal army officer who later led the movement in New Spain for independence. In the 1840s she became friends with Fanny Calderón de la Barca,whose published observations of Mexico helped fuel interest in Rodríguez's story.
Leonor Llausás Tostado was a Mexican television and film actress who appeared in over 100 works of film and television. She was nominated multiple times for the Ariel Awards and won a Best Actress award in 1955 from the film Los Fernandez we peralvillo,in 1975 won Diosa de Plata for Las poquianchis. She also was awarded the "Virginia Fabregas" medal of honor by the Mexican National Association of Actors.
Asunción Lavrin is a historian and author with more than 100 publications on topics of gender and women's studies in colonial and twentieth century Latin America and religion and spirituality in Colonial Mexico. She is professor emerita at Arizona State University. Lavrin is the daughter-in-law of the artist Nora Fry Lavrin. She has two children,Cecilia and Andy,and two grand children,Erik and Nora.
Lourdes Vázquez is a Puerto Rican poet,fiction and essayist writer and a resident of the United States. Her poetry,short stories and essays have been published in numerous magazines and anthologies. Her many collections,which have been translated into English and Italian by writers such as Bethany Korps-Edwards,Rosa Alcalá,Enriqueta Carrington and Brigidina Gentile have received excellent reviews. She is Librarian Emeritus of Rutgers University.
The status of women in Mexico has changed significantly over time. Until the twentieth century,Mexico was an overwhelmingly rural country,with rural women's status defined within the context of the family and local community. With urbanization beginning in the sixteenth century,following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire,cities have provided economic and social opportunities not possible within rural villages. Roman Catholicism in Mexico has shaped societal attitudes about women's social role,emphasizing the role of women as nurturers of the family,with the Virgin Mary as a model. Marianismo has been an ideal,with women's role as being within the family under the authority of men. In the twentieth century,Mexican women made great strides towards a more equal legal and social status. In 1953 women in Mexico were granted the right to vote in national elections.
Feminism in Mexico is the philosophy and activity aimed at creating,defining,and protecting political,economic,cultural,and social equality in women's rights and opportunities for Mexican women. Rooted in liberal thought,the term feminism came into use in late nineteenth-century Mexico and in common parlance among elites in the early twentieth century. The history of feminism in Mexico can be divided chronologically into a number of periods with issues. For the conquest and colonial eras,some figures have been re-evaluated in the modern era and can be considered part of the history of feminism in Mexico. At the time of independence in the early nineteenth century,there were demands that women be defined as citizens. The late nineteenth century saw the explicit development of feminism as an ideology. Liberalism advocated secular education for both girls and boys as part of a modernizing project,and women entered the workforce as teachers. Those women were at the forefront of feminism,forming groups that critiqued existing treatment of women in the realms of legal status,access to education,and economic and political power. More scholarly attention is focused on the Revolutionary period (1915–1925),although women's citizenship and legal equality were not explicitly issues for which the revolution was fought. The Second Wave and the post-1990 period have also received considerable scholarly attention. Feminism has advocated for the equality of men and women,but middle-class women took the lead in the formation of feminist groups,the founding of journals to disseminate feminist thought,and other forms of activism. Working-class women in the modern era could advocate within their unions or political parties. The participants in the Mexico 68 clashes who went on to form that generation's feminist movement were predominantly students and educators. The advisers who established themselves within the unions after the 1985 earthquakes were educated women who understood the legal and political aspects of organized labor. What they realized was that to form a sustained movement and attract working-class women to what was a largely middle-class movement,they needed to utilize workers' expertise and knowledge of their jobs to meld a practical,working system. In the 1990s,women's rights in indigenous communities became an issue,particularly in the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas. Reproductive rights remain an ongoing issue,particularly since 1991,when the Catholic Church in Mexico was no longer constitutionally restricted from being involved in politics.
Matilde Rodríguez Cabo Guzmán was Mexico's first female psychiatrist. Also a surgeon,writer,feminist,and suffragist,Rodríguez was an activist for the right of Mexican women,and affiliated with the Mexican Communist Party. She was married to General Francisco J. Múgica;they had a son,Janitzio Múgica Rodríguez Cabo.
Silvia Rodríguez Villamil was an Uruguayan historian,feminist,writer,as well as a political and social activist.
Ruth Gabriela Cano Ortega is a Mexican historian focused on the history of women in Mexico and sexual diversity during the Porfirian,revolutionary and post-revolutionary periods of Mexico. She specializes in gender analysis. Cano is a professor at the El Colegio de México.
JoséJuan Arrom was a leading authority on Latin American cultural studies and a pioneer in shaping the field in the United States at a time when most Spanish departments mainly taught about peninsular Spain. He is particularly well-known for his studies of Latin American theater,Cuban culture and lexicology,and the myths of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Caribbean. He was a professor of Latin American Literature at Yale University for nearly 40 years.
Magdalena León is a Colombian feminist sociologist specializing in social research and women's studies. Trained with the founders of Colombian sociology,Orlando Fals Borda and Camilo Torres Restrepo,she transferred the rhetorical and discursive framework to the analysis of empirical reality using the survey,systematization,and data analysis to learn the reality on the ground,not only of Colombia but also from Latin America.
Carmen Diana Deere is an American feminist economist who is an expert on land policy and agrarian reform,rural social movements,and gender in Latin American development. She has conducted extensive research on access to land,economic autonomy of rural women,and property rights in Latin America. Deere's research and work,often carried out with Magdalena León de Leal,have contributed to promoting the changes that have taken place since 1980 in the vast majority of countries in Latin America with respect to the reform of land laws,civil codes,and family matters,as well as the approval of new legislation that recognizes the equal rights of women and men,including their property rights. Deere is Professor Emeritus of Latin American studies and Food Resources Economics at the University of Florida and Professor Emeritus of FLACSO-Ecuador. She was honored with the Silvert Award in 2018.
Suzana Prates was a Brazilian feminist sociologist and academic. She spent most of her professional career in Uruguay where she dedicated her life to national and Latin American feminist thought. She was the founder of the "Centro de Estudios e Informaciones del Uruguay" (CIESU) and,at the end of the 1970s,she founded the "Grupo de Estudios sobre la Condición de la Mujer en Uruguay" (GRECMU). Her colleagues included Julieta Kirkwood and Elizabeth Jelin.
María Teresa Rojas Rabiela is an ethnologist,ethnohistorian,Emeritus National Researcher and Mexican academic,specializing in Chinampas of Mexico's Basin,history of agriculture,hydraulics,technology,and labor organization in Mesoamerica during pre-Columbian and colonial eras,as well as historical photography of Mexico's peasants and indigenous people. She is recognized as a pioneer in historical studies on earthquakes in Mexico. From 2018 to 2021,Rojas Rabiela was involved in the restoration of the section of the pre-Hispanic aqueduct of Tetzcotzinco,Texcoco,known as El caño quebrado.
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