Simpcw First Nation

Last updated

The Simpcw First Nation, formerly known as the North Thompson Indian Band, is a First Nations band government based in the Thompson Country of British Columbia, Canada. It is a member of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council. [1] It is a First Nations government of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation, located in the Central Interior region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The band's main community is at Chu Chua, British Columbia. Four of the five First Nation Reserves in Simpcw territory were designated on July 5, 1877 and the fifth was designated on February 24, 1916. The Shuswap language name for North Thompson Band's community and reserve is 'Simpcw'.

Contents

Chief and Councillors

The current chief and council were sworn in on June 1, 2015 at 1:00 pm, they will serve a 3-year term until the next election.

Historical Leaders

Chief Cinnitza was mentioned by Archibald McDonald from a trip in 1828. Chief André is mentioned in records from the time of settling First Nation Reserves in 1877 as well as being a signatory to the Memorial to Frank Oliver in 1911. [2]

Treaty Process

Simpcw First Nation is currently not involved in the treaty process and has never ceded or surrendered any of their land. [3]

History

The Simpcw inhabit Simpcwúl̓ecw, an area now known in English as the North Thompson. [4] Simpcw lands include an area from McLure to McBride, from Jasper to the headwaters of the Athabasca. The Simpcw collected local plants and animals for survival and employed various methods for fishing. An example of a kind of fishing barrier observed in the Barrière River was described by George Mercer Dawson as "two weirs or fences each of which stretched completely across the stream." [5] : 16  The Simpcw interacted with other First Nations in British Columbia and Alberta. [6]

Early interactions with Europeans began around the start of the nineteenth century with fur traders. Alexander Ross wrote that David Stuart came to the area to spend the winter of 1811–12. Stuart's wrote of his visit that after being blocked from a return to Fort Astoria by snow "[we] passed our time with the She Whaps and other tribes in that quarter." [7] : 151  Ross came himself in May 1812 to establish 'Fort Cumcloups' where he "sent messages to the different tribes around who soon assembled bringing with them their furs. Here we stayed for ten days The number of Indians collected on the occasion could not have been less than 2,000." [7] : 200  Alexander Ross's account of a journey in about 1815 describes some meetings specifically in the North Thompson. [8] Describing his journey from Kamloops to the Rocky mountains he writes,

"I therefore received orders from head quarters to examine the eastern section, lying between the She-whaps and the Rocky Mountains." [8] : 142  He wrote about meeting some families near East Barriere Lake, "We left Fort She-whaps on the 14th day of August...At the outset we proceeded up the North, or Sun-tea-coot-a-coot River, for three days; then turning to the right, we took to the woods, steering our course in the eye of the rising sun, nearly midway between Thompson's River on the south, and Fraser's River on the north. The first day after turning our back on North River, we made but little progress; but what we made was in an easterly direction. The second day our courses per compass were, ESE 6 miles, E 4 miles, SE 2 miles, E by N 5 miles, E 1 mile, NE 2 miles, NNE 4miles: we then encamped. The country through which we passed this day was covered with heavy timber, but having clear bottom and being good travelling, with here and there small open plains. During the third day the face of the country became timberless, with frequently open clear ground, so that we made a long day's journey. In the evening we fell upon a small lake, on the northern margin of which we encamped for the night. Here we found two Indian families, living on fish roots, and berries, which they were all employed in procuring: they belonged to the Sun-tea-coot-a-coot tribe, and seemed...to live very comfortably and happily. One of the men belonging to these families, who pretended to have a perfect knowledge of the country through which we had to pass, volunteered to accompany us as a guide; for which services I promised to reward him with a blanket and some ammunition when we returned...Leaving this place, which we called Friendly Lake..." [8] : 143–146 

The lake called by Ross "Friendly Lake" is identified as East Barriere Lake by Kenneth A. Spaulding in his edited edition of Ross's account. [9]

Ross also notes the extent of the area with which the guide he met near East Barriere Lake was familiar when he writes after reaching Eagle Hill, "As we journeyed along our guide took us up to another height and pointing out to us the country generally, said he had passed and repassed through various parts of it seven different times, and in as many different places; he seemed to know it well, and observed that the road we had travelled, with all its difficulties, was the very best to be found." [8] : 149–150 

On the way back to Canoe River and passing 'a considerable lake' they returned to 'Friendly Lake' where the guide's family had departed, but had left behind a stick with a certain notch, stuck in the ground with a certain lean which indicated to their guide where his family had gone. [8] : 153  Spaulding identified the 'considerable lake' as Adams Lake. [9] : 105 

In 1828, Archibald McDonald kept a journal of a trip from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Ocean. [10] In an entry for October 3 he described meeting Chief Cinnitza at 'the Fort' after a traverse of the 'North River'. On October the 4th he wrote, "At Barrier Village by eight." And described a breakfast at eleven "surrounded by the Indians of the Barrier." [10] : 33 

McDonald lists "Shin-poos (of the north branch of the Thompson)" as one of seven tribes that traded at Fort Kamloops in the reports of his father, Angus McDonald. And writes, "As to the Shin-poos, a mountain race, a remnant of the 'Snare Indians', my father in his report says, that there were but few of them (about 60 families) and that they did not come very regularly to the Fort." [10] : 115–116 

McDonald also copied the following from his father's report to the Governor and Council reporting on the spring of 1823: "This Tribe (the Shin-poo) inhabits the north branch of Thompsons River. They are good beaver hunters, and go sometimes to and even east of the Rocky Mountains—I had in view to have one or two men to accompany them all summer, so as to endeavor to meet the Gentlemen (that is to say the Express and Passengers coming in by Rocky Mountain Portage) coming to the Columbia next fall, at the little House (which I believe was at the east end of the Portage) which would be by far a nearer and more practicable way of obtaining a knowledge of the country about the heads of the Thompson and N Branch than by sending from the east side, as Mr Annance was, last summer: the Tribe not having come to the Port this Spring prevents my sending with them." [10] : 116 

In 1862 a gold rush in the Cariboo brought smallpox to the area which caused many deaths, reducing the population to "the merest handful." [11] : 7 

From the 1890s to 1970 children were taken to the Kamloops Indian Residential School where life was harsh and use of their own language was forbidden. Some Simpcw served in the Second World War. [11] : 8 

In 1909 anthropologist James Teit recorded "opinions held by the tribe regarding the qualities and average characteristics of their neighbors and also of the several divisions of their own people in former days." Of the 'North Thompson' he wrote that, "The North Thompson division were probably the best hunters and greatest travellers. They were mild, quiet, steady, rather serious, hospitable, rather poor." [12]

In August 1916, the Simpcw people of the Tête Jaune Cache were forcibly relocated out of the area to Chu Chua and other places. The people were made to travel the 300 kilometres by foot. In August 2016 events were held to mark the 100th anniversary of that event. The people of the Simpcw First Nation have made applications to the government to have lands at Tête Jaune Cache formally recognized. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [11] : 8 

The Simpcw have been known in English by different names, "The name of the North Thompson Band, simpxʷwemx...also known in English to traders as people of the North Fork of Thompson River, was spelled Chin-Poo by [John] McLeod (1823) and [Archibald] McDonald (1827), Shinpoo by the Oblate Missionaries...and Nsi'mpxemux̣ by Teit. Their former main village, ciqʷceqʷélqʷ 'red willows' (Cornus stolonifera)...was referred to as Tsuk-tsuk-kwalk, erroneously translated as 'red pine' by Dawson...and as Tcoqtceqwa'llk by Teit. The reserve name Chu Chua is not derived from this but is an anglicization of texʷcwex 'creek running through the bush'." [21]

Demographics

The Simpcw First Nation currently has 724 members. [22]

Archibald McDonald reported that in about the 1820s his father wrote that there was about sixty Simpcw families. [10] : 115–116  In 1883 a government report on population listed "North Thompson and Canoe Lake: 144." [23] In 1850 the population after being reduced by foreign infections was estimated at 250, in 1906 the population was down to 70. [11] : 8 

Economic Development

The Simpcw First Nation has a highly developed and active economic development organization currently known as the Simpcw Resources Group of Companies (SRG) [24]

Social, Educational and Cultural Programs and Facilities

Simpcw Fisheries manages and operates a hatchery called Dunn Lake Hatchery. Simpcw hosts a special 'Coho Day' in October at the hatchery. [25] [26] [27]

Neqweyqwelsten School is an elementary school located in Chu Chua. It is open to all Simpcw First Nation and community members, as well as non-members if space is available. [28] [29]

First Nation Reserves

First Nation Reserves under the administration of the Simpcw First Nation are:

In the 1870s the government created the Red Trees Reserve at Chu Chua without consulting with the Simpcw. [11] : 8  In the report of a survey of 1872, Alfred R C Selwyn mentions two stays at what he calls the "Red Pine Reserve". [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]

Records of decisions on the reserves are listed online in the BC Provincial Collection at the Federal and Provincial Collections of Minutes of Decision, Correspondence, and Sketches which is a collection of materials produced by the Joint Indian Reserve Commission and Indian Reserve Commission from 1876–1910. Decisions for North Thompson 1, Nekalliston 2, Barriere River 3, and Louis Creek 4 are item 1081/78, from July 5, 1877. Barriere River 3 was sold in 1921 in exchange for Barriere River 3A. [49] [50]

These decisions were made by A. C. Anderson during a trip up the North Thompson River with Chief André on July 3–5, 1877 to as far as Little Fort. This decision was made at a time when other First Nations in the area were considering going to war over their treatment by the government. [51] : 202  [52] : 122f  [53] [54]

The sale of Barriere River 3 and the Boulder Creek reserve are listed in the 1943 Schedule. Boulder Creek was allotted by Royal Commission on February 24, 1916. [50] [55]

See also

Notes

1. ^ The notes published in this book were based on observations made by George Mercer Dawson in the years 1877, 1888, 1889, and 1890.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamloops</span> City in British Columbia, Canada

Kamloops is a city in south-central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the South flowing North Thompson River and the West flowing Thompson River, east of Kamloops Lake. It is located in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District, whose district offices are based here. The surrounding region is sometimes referred to as the Thompson Country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thompson River</span> River in British Columbia, Canada

The Thompson River is the largest tributary of the Fraser River, flowing through the south-central portion of British Columbia, Canada. The Thompson River has two main branches, the South Thompson River and the North Thompson River. The river is home to several varieties of Pacific salmon and trout. The area's geological history was heavily influenced by glaciation, and the several large glacial lakes have filled the river valley over the last 12,000 years. Archaeological evidence shows human habitation in the watershed dating back at least 8,300 years. The Thompson was named by Fraser River explorer, Simon Fraser, in honour of his friend, Columbia Basin explorer David Thompson. Recreational use of the river includes whitewater rafting and angling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adams Lake</span> Lake in British Columbia, Canada

Adams Lake is a deep, cold-water lake in south-central British Columbia, which separates the Thompson and Shuswap regions and the Thompson–Nicola and Columbia–Shuswap regional districts. The upper reaches lie in the northern Monashee Mountains, while the lower end penetrates the Shuswap Highland. The southern end is by road about 79 kilometres (49 mi) northeast of Kamloops.

Tkʼemlúps te Secwépemc, abbreviated TteS and previously known as the Kamloops Indian Band, is a First Nations government within the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council, which represents ten of the seventeen Secwepemc band governments, all in the southern Central Interior region, spanning the Thompson and Shuswap districts. It is one of the largest of the 17 groups into which the Secwepemc (Shuswap) nation was divided when the Colony of British Columbia established an Indian reserve system in the 1860s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chase, British Columbia</span> Village in British Columbia, Canada

Chase is a village located in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It has a population of 3,399, and its main industries are forestry and tourism. It is located at the outlet of Little Shuswap Lake, which is the source of the South Thompson River. Chase Creek, which drops over three small waterfalls before flowing through the town, enters the South Thompson just below the lake's outlet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barriere, British Columbia</span> District municipality in British Columbia, Canada

Barriere is a district municipality in central British Columbia, Canada, located 66 km (41 mi) north of the larger city of Kamloops on Highway 5. It is situated at the confluence of the Barrière River and North Thompson Rivers in the Central North Thompson Valley.

Louis Creek, an unincorporated settlement in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located at the mouth of Louis Creek on the North Thompson River was named after Louis Barrie and François Lavieur who prospected there in 1861, finding some gold, so that the stream became known as Frenchman's Creek. It would appear that the name of Louis Creek was named in honor of Louis (Clexlixqen) also known by "Little Louis or Petit Louis" who was Chief of the Shuswap First Nations People in the Kamloops Region from as early as 1852. Louis Creek Indian Reserve No. 4 is located nearby.

Shuswap may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secwépemc</span> First Nations people in Canada

The Secwépemc, known in English as the Shuswap people, are a First Nations people residing in the interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia. They speak one of the Salishan languages, known as Secwepemc or Shuswap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thompson Plateau</span>

The Thompson Plateau forms the southern portion of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada, lying to the west of Okanagan Lake, south of the Thompson River and east of the Fraser River. At its most southern point the plateau is squeezed by the mountainous terrain of the Cascade Range abutting closer to the Okanagan Valley. Its southwestern edge abuts the Canadian Cascades portion of that extensive range, more or less following the line of the Similkameen River, its tributary the Tulameen River, and a series of passes from the area of Tulameen, British Columbia to the confluence of the Thompson River with the Nicoamen River, a few kilometres (miles) east of Lytton, British Columbia, which is in the Fraser Canyon. Its northeastern edge runs approximately from the city of Vernon, British Columbia through the valley of Monte Creek to the junction of the same name just east of the city of Kamloops. Northeast of that line is the Shuswap Highland.

The Shuswap Nation Tribal Council is a First Nations Tribal Council in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Based in the Thompson and Shuswap Districts of the Central Interior, although including one band on the upper Columbia River in the East Kootenay region. It is one of two tribal councils of the Secwepemc people, the other being the Northern Shuswap Tribal Council of the Cariboo region farther to the north. The council is based in Kamloops, British Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonaparte Indian Band</span>

The Bonaparte Indian Band a.k.a. Bonaparte First Nation, is a member band of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) people.

The Skeetchestn Indian Band is a member of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation, located in the Central Interior region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its main Indian reserve is located at Savona, British Columbia. The reserve was set up in the 1860s when the government of the then-Colony of British Columbia established an Indian reserve system. The Skeetchestn is a member government of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council.

The Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian Band, also called the Pellt'iq't First Nation is a member of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Nation, located in the Central Interior region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its main Indian reserve is located at Clinton, British Columbia. It was created when the government of the then-Colony of British Columbia established an Indian reserve system in the 1860s. It is a member government of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robson Valley</span> Valley in British Columbia, Canada

The Robson Valley is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, comprising the section of the Rocky Mountain Trench that lies southeast of the city of Prince George following the Fraser River to the Yellowhead Pass. The name is derived from Mount Robson, which stands near the entrance to the Yellowhead Pass. Communities in the Robson Valley include the settlements of Dome Creek, Crescent Spur, Dunster, and Tête Jaune Cache, with larger population concentrations in the villages of McBride and Valemount. On a map, the Robson Valley is located immediately south of the elbow in the boundary between Alberta and British Columbia. Transportation corridors through the Robson Valley include the Canadian National Railway lines, and Highways 16 and 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Shuswap Lake</span> Body of water

Little Shuswap Lake is a small lake in the Thompson River basin of the southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, which sits at the transition between the Thompson Country to the west and the Shuswap Country to the east. It is fed by the Little River, which flows from Shuswap Lake, and is the main source of water for the South Thompson River, which begins at the lake's outlet at its southwestern end. The lake is approximately 7.8 kilometres (4.8 mi) in length, NE to SW, and averages 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) in width and is approximately 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) in area. It has a mean depth of 14.3 metres (47 ft) to a maximum of 59.4 metres (195 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Teit</span>

James Alexander Teit was an anthropologist, photographer and guide who worked with Franz Boas to study Interior Salish First Nations peoples in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He led expeditions throughout British Columbia and made many contributions towards native ethnology. He also worked with Edward Sapir of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1911.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adams River (British Columbia)</span> River in Canada

The Adams River is a tributary to the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada. Beginning in the Monashee Mountains to the north, the Upper Adams River flows mainly southward and eventually reaches Adams Lake. The Lower Adams River begins at the southern end of the lake and flows into the extreme western end of Shuswap Lake. The river is one of the most important sockeye salmon breeding areas in North America. The run occurs in mid-October and can bring millions of fish to a concentrated area near the river mouth. Excavations of Secwepemc villages on the river have shown a long tradition of habitation and salmon fishing in the area. The river also served as an important transportation route for early logging operations in the watershed.

The Barrière River is a tributary of the North Thompson River, one of the main tributaries of the Fraser River, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It flows through the Shuswap Highland region north of Kamloops. Its name in Secwepemctsín is St́yelltsecwétkwe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marianne Ignace</span> Canadian linguist and anthropologist

Marianne Boelscher Ignace is a Canadian linguist and anthropologist. Married into the Shuswap people, she is a Full professor in the departments of Linguistics and Indigenous Studies at Simon Fraser University (SFU), and Director of SFU's Indigenous Languages Program and First Nations Language Centre. In 2020, Ignace was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada for her work in revitalizing and preserving indigenous languages.

References

  1. ↑ "Shuswap Nation Tribal Council". Executive Council of British Columbia. 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  2. ↑ "Tseyenetssa". Geni.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Simpcw First Nation treaty process with BC Government". BC Government. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Our Land: Simpcw First Nation". www.simpcw.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  5. 1 2 Dawson, George Mercer (1891). Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia.
  6. ↑ "Simpcw-Our History". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  7. 1 2 Ross, Alexander (1849). Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN   9780598286024.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co. ISBN   9780665402289.
  9. 1 2 Ross, Alexander (2001) [1956]. Spaulding, Kenneth A. (ed.). The Fur Hunters of the Far West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 100. ISBN   9780806133928.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McDonald, Archibald (1872). McLeod, Malcolm (ed.). Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson; in 1828. Ottawa: J. Durie & Son.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunford, Murial Poulton (2002). "The Simpcw of the North Thompson" (PDF). British Columbia Historical News. 35 (3): 6–8. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  12. 1 2 Teit, James A. (1909). "The Shuswap". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. II, Part VII. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. p. 471. hdl:2246/38.
  13. ↑ Kurjata, Andrew; Norwell, Jennifer (August 12, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation marking 100th anniversary of forced relocation". cbc.ca/news. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  14. ↑ Daybreak Kamloops (August 11, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation are marking the 100th anniversary of their forced relocation". cbc.ca/news. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Press Release: Simpcw First Nation: Retracing Our Steps" (PDF). simpcw.com. August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  16. ↑ Clark, Paul (August 17, 2016). "Simpcw First Nation commemorate forced removal 100 years ago". fitzhugh.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  17. ↑ Matthews, Evan (September 1, 2016). "Simpcw efforts in Tête Jaune not finished". therockymountaingoat.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  18. ↑ Goat Staff (July 17, 2016). "Remembering the Simpcw relocation of 1916". therockymountaingoat.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  19. ↑ McNeill, Keith (July 27, 2016). "Simpcw plan Tete Jaune Cache commemoration". barrierestarjournal.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  20. ↑ Times, Clearwater (August 18, 2016). "Chief Nathan Matthew speaks at Tete Jaune Cache (video)". blackpress.tv. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  21. 1 2 Ignace, Marianne Boelscher (1998). Walker Jr., Deward E. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians [Shuswap]. Vol. 12. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 203–219. ISBN   0-16-049514-8.
  22. ↑ "Simpcw First Nation". Government of Canada . Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  23. ↑ Canada, Department of Indian Affairs (1883). Annual Report. Ottawa: Maclean, Roger & Co. p. 259.
  24. ↑ "Simpcw Resources Group Ltd". www.simpcw.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Simpcw Fisheries". Simpcw.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Dunn Creek Hatchery - Simpcw First Nation". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  27. ↑ Doe. "Dunn Lake Hatchery". google.ca/maps. Google Maps. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Neqweyqwelsten School". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  29. ↑ "First Nations School Directory Association of British Columbia". First Nations Schools Association of British Columbia. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "Housing Lands". simpcw.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  31. ↑ "Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  34. ↑ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  35. ↑ "Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  36. ↑ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  37. ↑ "Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  39. ↑ "Reserve Detail". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 3 November 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  40. ↑ "Geographical Names Board of Canada". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  41. ↑ Selwyn, Alfred R C (1872). Geological Survey of Canada, Annual Report 1871-72 (PDF). Montreal: Dawson Brothers. pp. 25, 48.
  42. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  43. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  44. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  45. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  46. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "I-69951.1 Red Pine Indian reserve on the North Thompson River, BC, 1871". collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca. McCord Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  47. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin (1978). Benjamin Baltzly: photographs & journal of an expedition through British Columbia, 1871. Coach House Press. pp. 32, 127. ISBN   9780889100435.
  48. ↑ Baltzly, Benjamin F (1871). "The Journal of Benjamin F Baltzly". concordia.ca. Journal of Canadian Art History, Concordia. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  49. ↑ Joint Indian Reserve Commission, The. "BC Provincial Collection". jirc.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. Retrieved August 17, 2017. Binder 2: p 4, 26-30
  50. 1 2 "Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion of Canada Part 2, Reserves in the Province of British Columbia Recompiled and Corrected up to March 31, 1943". www.bac-lac.gc.ca. Library and Archives Canada. 7 November 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  51. 1 2 Anderson, Nancy Marguerite (2011). The Pathfinder: A.C. Anderson's Journeys in the West. Heritage House Publishing. ISBN   9781927051023.
  52. 1 2 Harris, R. Cole (2002). Making Native Space: Colonialism, Resistance, and Reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN   0774809000.
  53. 1 2 "Journal of Proceedings of the Commission for the Settlement of the Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia" (1877). Office of the Indian Reserve Commissioner for the Province of British Columbia, Fonds: RG 10, Series: vol. 1284, File: reel C-13902. Collections Canada.
  54. ↑ British Columbia (1878). Sessional Papers, Expenses of Indian Commission. Victoria. p. 504. $8 spent July 4+5 1877 for survey of North Thompson Reserve
  55. ↑ "McKenna-McBride Royal Commission, Minutes of Decision-Kamloops Agency". gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. February 10, 1916. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  56. ↑ "Secwepemc Resources". sd73.bc.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  57. ↑ "The Simpcw of the North Thompson". ProQuest .
  58. ↑ "HISTORICAL NEWS BRITISH COLUMBIA. Volume 35, No. 3 Summer 2002 $5.00 ISSN Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation - PDF Free Download".
  59. ↑ "Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project" (PDF). shuswapnation.com. 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  60. ↑ Riley, Naomi (July 26, 2016). The New Trail of Tears: How Washington Is Destroying American Indians. New York: Encounter Books. ISBN   9781594038532.
  61. ↑ "Ninety-Seven Pages Census Report of The Shuswap And Okanagan Tribes by Alexander Anderson of The British Columbia Reserve Commission" (1878). Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development fonds, Fonds: RG 10, Series: vol. 3659, Box: Inventory no.: 10-4, File: reel C-10115. Collections Canada.
  62. ↑ Teit, James A. (1900). "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. I, Part IV. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/13.
  63. ↑ Smith, Harlan I. (1900). "Archaeology of the Thompson River Region". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. I, Part VI. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/18.
  64. ↑ Teit, James A. (1912). "The Mythology of the Thompson Indians". In Boas, Franz (ed.). Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Vol. VIII, Part II. New York: G.E. Stechert & Co. hdl:2246/37.
  65. ↑ The Chiefs of the Shuswap, Okanagan and Couteau or Thompson tribes per their secretary, J.A. Teit. "Laurier Memorial" . Retrieved August 18, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ↑ "Memorial to Frank Oliver". 28 May 2020.
  67. ↑ "Memorial to Frank Oliver". 3 September 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  68. ↑ "Memorial to Frank Oliver, microfilm holding" . Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  69. ↑ "Memorial to Frank Oliver" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  70. ↑ "McKenna-McBride Royal Commission". www.ubcic.bc.ca. Union of BC Indian Chiefs. 1913–1916. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.