Hypothetical siren disk with five concentric circles, each with a different number (4, 5, 6, 7 & 8) of equally spaced holes.
A siren disk is used in pneumaticsirens and has holes which are variously spaced apart. When the disk is spun in front of a jet of air, the holes modulate the air-jet which produces a sound. The pitch of a siren is produced by "the frequency of the impulses of compressed air passing through the openings in a rotating disk."[1] The pitch is therefore determined by the speed at which the disk rotates, the number of holes which air passes through, the size of the holes and their spacing apart.
Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-related scale, or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies. Pitch can be determined only in sounds that have a frequency that is clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise. Pitch is a major auditory attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness, and timbre.
An audio frequency or audible frequency is characterized as a periodic vibration whose frequency is audible to the average human. The SI unit of audio frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is the property of sound that most determines pitch.
Siren disks were once used as the active element of sirens, but the majority of siren disks currently manufactured are used as instructional aids in teaching the mechanics of sound and music. For example, the Ontario Science Centre has a metal siren disk set up as an interactive teaching exhibit for children.
The Ontario Science Centre is a science museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, near the Don Valley Parkway about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) northeast of downtown on Don Mills Road just south of Eglinton Avenue East in the former city of North York. It is built down the side of a wooded ravine formed by one branch of the Don River located in Flemingdon Park.
Siren disk hole spacing
The harmonic portion of the siren disk
Most siren disks include multiple concentric circles of spaced holes, so that an air-jet can be directed at different radii to get different effects. For example, the outermost eight circles of holes include uniformly spaced holes, in which the number of holes increases along a harmonic series, so that the eight notes of a musical scale can be played by directing an air jet sequentially at each circle.
A harmonic series is the sequence of sounds—pure tones, represented by sinusoidal waves—in which the frequency of each sound is an integer multiple of the fundamental, the lowest frequency.
The non-harmonic portion of the siren disk
Typically there are further holes nearer the disk's centre with various non-uniform patterns, such as random spacing or arpeggios, etc.[clarification needed]
Typical numbers of holes in siren disks
Unlike the hypothetical disk discussed above having just 5 concentric rings of equally space holes, a more typical disk might have 16 concentric rings instead.[citation needed] For the example shown below then the hole configurations need to be 8, 10, 12 and 16 then a space followed by 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48, which will give the four-note F-major arpeggio followed by the higher C-major scale:
The major scale is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales, it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note.
The 12 pitches of the most common kind of siren disk.
The last eight circles of holes give the following temperament of a major (Ionian mode) musical scale (divide each of the above number of holes by 24): 1, 9/8, 5/4, 4/3, 3/2, 5/3, 15/8, 2 (Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale).
Ptolemy's intense diatonic scale, also known as Ptolemaic sequence, justly tuned major scale, or syntonousdiatonic scale, is a tuning for the diatonic scale proposed by Ptolemy, declared by Zarlino to be the only tuning that could be reasonably sung, and corresponding with modern just intonation. It is also supported by Giuseppe Tartini.
A similarly generated minor scale can be made by making a siren disk with the following ratios of hole numbers: 1, 9/8, 6/5, 4/3, 3/2, 8/5, 9/5, 2. (justminor scale).
Typical siren disk setup
The typical siren disk setup consists of a motor, pulleys, belt, and air jet.
The setup at the Ontario Science Centre, for example, includes organ-style keys so that children can play music on the siren disk by pressing the keys to open and close a series of eight valves that direct the air selectively at the eight harmonic circles of uniformly spaced holes of the siren disk.
Dutch inventor Dr. A. R. Naber created "the magic flute", a siren whose pitch is varied not by the number of holes in a circle on the disk, but by the speed at which the disk rotates. During operation the cord connecting the spindle and the flexible drive belt is held between the fingers and moved up and down a tapered shaft of the spindle to vary the rotation and thus pitch.[1]
Sources
1 2 (Nov 1922). "Siren Played by Sliding Drive Belt", Popular Science, Vol. 101, No. 5, p.35. ISSN 0161-7370.
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