Sodium chloride (data page)

Last updated April 21, 2023

This page provides supplementary chemical data on sodium chloride.

Material safety data sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its direction.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, n_D	1.5442
Abbe number	?
Dielectric constant,	6.12 at 17–22 °C
Bond strength	?
Bond length	?
Bond angle	?
Magnetic susceptibility	−30.3×10⁻⁶ cgs

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior
Triple point	1074 K (801 °C), 30 Pa
Critical point	3900 K (3600 °C), 26×10⁶ Pa
Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ_fusH^o	27.95 kJ/mol (0.52 kJ/g)^[1]^[2]
Std entropy change of fusion, Δ_fusS^o	26.02 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change of vaporization, Δ_vapH^o	? kJ/mol
Std entropy change of vaporization, Δ_vapS^o	? J/(mol·K)
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ_fH^o_solid	−411.12 kJ/mol^[2]
Standard molar entropy, S^o_solid	72 J/(mol·K)
Heat capacity, c_p	50 J/(mol·K) ; 0.853 J/(g·k)^[2]
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ_fH^o_liquid	−385.92 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy, S^o_liquid	95.06 J/(mol·K)
Density	1.549 g/cm³,^[2] at 850 °C
Heat capacity, c_p	? J/(mol·K)
Boiling point	1465 °C^[2]
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ_fH^o_gas	−181.42 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy, S^o_gas	229.79 J/(mol·K)
Heat capacity, c_p	? J/(mol·K)

Density data of aqueous solutions

Water-NaCl phase diagram WatNaCl.png — Water–NaCl phase diagram

Properties of water–NaCl mixtures ^[3]
NaCl, wt%	T_eq, °C	ρ, g/cm³	n	η, mPa·s
0	0	0.99984	1.333	1.002
0.5	−0.3	1.0018	1.3339	1.011
1	−0.59	1.0053	1.3347	1.02
2	−1.19	1.0125	1.3365	1.036
3	−1.79	1.0196	1.3383	1.052
4	−2.41	1.0268	1.34	1.068
5	−3.05	1.034	1.3418	1.085
6	−3.7	1.0413	1.3435	1.104
7	−4.38	1.0486	1.3453	1.124
8	−5.08	1.0559	1.347	1.145
9	−5.81	1.0633	1.3488	1.168
10	−6.56	1.0707	1.3505	1.193
12	−8.18	1.0857	1.3541	1.25
14	−9.94	1.1008	1.3576	1.317
16	−11.89	1.1162	1.3612	1.388
18	−14.04	1.1319	1.3648	1.463
20	−16.46	1.1478	1.3684	1.557
22	−19.18	1.164	1.3721	1.676
23.3	−21.1
23.7	−17.3
24.9	−11.1
26.1	−2.7
26.28	0
26.32	10
26.41	20
26.45	25
26.52	30
26.67	40
26.84	50
27.03	60
27.25	70
27.5	80
27.78	90
28.05	100

Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm,^{[ clarification needed ]} and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; T_eq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for T_eq < 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution for T_eq above 0.1 °C.

Spectral data

UV-Vis
λ_max	? nm
Extinction coefficient, ε	?
IR
Major absorption bands	? cm ⁻¹
NMR
Proton NMR
Carbon-13 NMR
Other NMR data
MS
Masses of main fragments

This box:

Except where noted otherwise, data relate to Standard temperature and pressure.
Reliability of data general note.

Related Research Articles

Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is ²³Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and halite (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.

Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula HClO₄. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component. Perchloric acid is dangerously corrosive and readily forms potentially explosive mixtures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium hydroxide</span> Chemical compound with formula NaOH

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium chloride</span> Chemical compound with formula NaCl

Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form, salt is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. Another major application of sodium chloride is deicing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.

Potassium chloride is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a salt-like taste. Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits. KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, domestic water softeners, and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium hypochlorite</span> Chemical compound (known in solution as bleach)

Sodium hypochlorite, commonly known in a dilute solution as (chlorine) bleach, is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaOCl, comprising a sodium cation and a hypochlorite anion. It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate NaOCl·5H^₂O, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium hydroxide</span> Inorganic compound (KOH)

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, and is commonly called caustic potash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethylene oxide</span> Cyclic compound (C2H4O)

Ethylene oxide is an organic compound with the formula C₂H₄O. It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide: a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms. Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and with vinyl alcohol. Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst.

The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H₂O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH⁻. The hydrogen nucleus, H⁺, immediately protonates another water molecule to form a hydronium cation, H₃O⁺. It is an example of autoprotolysis, and exemplifies the amphoteric nature of water.

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl₂. It is a white crystalline solid at room temperature, and it is highly soluble in water. It can be created by neutralising hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide.

Freezing-point depression is a drop in the minimum temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added. Examples include adding salt into water, alcohol in water, ethylene or propylene glycol in water, adding copper to molten silver, or the mixing of two solids such as impurities into a finely powdered drug.

Barium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula BaCl₂. It is one of the most common water-soluble salts of barium. Like most other water-soluble barium salts, it is a white powder, highly toxic, and imparts a yellow-green coloration to a flame. It is also hygroscopic, converting to the dihydrate BaCl₂·2H₂O, which are colourless crystals with a bitter salty taste. It has limited use in the laboratory and industry.

Neodymium(III) chloride or neodymium trichloride is a chemical compound of neodymium and chlorine with the formula NdCl₃. This anhydrous compound is a mauve-colored solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to air to form a purple-colored hexahydrate, NdCl₃·6H₂O. Neodymium(III) chloride is produced from minerals monazite and bastnäsite using a complex multistage extraction process. The chloride has several important applications as an intermediate chemical for production of neodymium metal and neodymium-based lasers and optical fibers. Other applications include a catalyst in organic synthesis and in decomposition of waste water contamination, corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys, and fluorescent labeling of organic molecules (DNA).

Acid salts are a class of salts that produce an acidic solution after being dissolved in a solvent. Its formation as a substance has a greater electrical conductivity than that of the pure solvent. An acidic solution formed by acid salt is made during partial neutralization of diprotic or polyprotic acids. A half-neutralization occurs due to the remaining of replaceable hydrogen atoms from the partial dissociation of weak acids that have not been reacted with hydroxide ions to create water molecules.

This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.

This page provides supplementary chemical data on methanol.

Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope.

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia.

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethylene glycol.

References

↑ "NaCl CID 5234, 4.2.14 Other Experimental Properties"
1 2 3 4 5 "NaCl Other Chemical/Physical Properties"^{[ dead link ]}
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 8–71, 8–116. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

External links

vapour pressure J Chem Thermod

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[pubchem-1] "NaCl CID 5234, 4.2.14 Other Experimental Properties"

[toxnet-2] 1 2 3 4 5 "NaCl Other Chemical/Physical Properties"^{[ dead link ]}

[3] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 8–71, 8–116. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

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