Standard temperature and pressure

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Standard temperature and pressure (STP) or standard conditions for temperature and pressure are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements used to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted. Other organizations have established a variety of other definitions.

Contents

In industry and commerce, the standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary for expressing the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure): standard cubic meters per second (Sm3/s), and normal cubic meters per second (Nm3/s).

Many technical publications (books, journals, advertisements for equipment and machinery) simply state "standard conditions" without specifying them; often substituting the term with older "normal conditions", or "NC". In special cases this can lead to confusion and errors. Good practice always incorporates the reference conditions of temperature and pressure. If not stated, some room environment conditions are supposed, close to 1 atm pressure, 273.15 K (0 °C), and 0% humidity.

Definitions

In chemistry, IUPAC changed its definition of standard temperature and pressure in 1982: [1] [2]

NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). [3] This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP). However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25 °C, 77 °F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). [4] [5] NIST also uses 15 °C (288.15 K, 59 °F) for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other. [6]

The ISO 13443 standard reference conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are 288.15 K (15.00 °C; 59.00 °F) and 101.325 kPa; [7] by contrast, the American Petroleum Institute adopts 60 °F (15.56 °C; 288.71 K). [8]

Past uses

Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being 15 °C (288.15 K; 59.00 °F) and 101.325  kPa (1.00  atm ; 760  Torr ). During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary systems was 60 °F (15.56 °C; 288.71 K) and 14.696  psi (1 atm) because it was almost universally used by the oil and gas industries worldwide. The above definitions are no longer the most commonly used in either system of units. [9]

Current use

Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0 °C and 100 kPa (1 bar), in contrast to its old standard of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm). [2] The new value is the mean atmospheric pressure at an altitude of about 112 metres, which is closer to the worldwide median altitude of human habitation (194 m). [10]

Natural gas companies in Europe, Australia, and South America have adopted 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) as their standard gas volume reference conditions, used as the base values for defining the standard cubic meter. [11] [12] [13] Also, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) each have more than one definition of standard reference conditions in their various standards and regulations.

Standard reference conditions in current use
Temperature Pressure Humidity Publishing or establishing entity
°C °F kPa mmHg psi inHg  %
 
032100.000750.0614.503829.530 IUPAC (STP) since 1982 [1]
032101.325760.0014.695929.921 NIST, [14] ISO 10780, [15] formerly IUPAC (STP) until 1982 [1]
1559101.325760.0014.695929.9210 ICAO's ISA, [16] ISO 13443, [7] EEA, [17] EGIA (SI Definition) [18] Density 1.225 kg/m³
2068101.325760.0014.695929.921 EPA, [19] NIST. [20] [21] [22]
2271.6101.325760.0014.695929.92120–80 American Association of Physicists in Medicine [23]
2577101.325760.0014.695929.921SATP, [24] EPA [25]
2068100.000750.0614.503829.5300 CAGI [26]
1559100.000750.0614.503829.530 SPE [27]
2068101.376014.6929.950ISO 5011 [28]
2068101.33760.014.69629.920 GOST 2939-63
15.5660101.33760.014.69629.92SPE, [27] U.S. OSHA, [29] SCAQMD [30]
15.5660101.676214.7330.0EGIA (Imperial System Definition) [18]
15.5660101.35760.2114.729.93U.S. DOT (SCF) [31]
155999.99750.014.50329.5378U.S. Army Standard Metro [32] [a]
1559101.33760.014.69629.9260ISO 2314, [33] ISO 3977-2, [34] ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook [35]
21.1170101.376014.7029.920 AMCA, [36] [b] air density = 0.075 lbm/ft3. [37] [38]
1559101.376014.7029.92 FAA [39]
2068101.325760.0014.695929.921EN 14511-1:2013 [40]
1559101.325760.0014.695929.9210ISO 2533:1975 [41] ISO 13443:2005, [42] ISO 7504:2015 [43]
032101.325760.0014.695929.9210DIN 1343:1990 [44]

Abbreviations:

International Standard Atmosphere

In aeronautics and fluid dynamics the "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) is a specification of pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound at each altitude. At standard mean sea level it specifies a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F), pressure of 101,325 pascals (14.6959 psi) (1 atm), and a density of 1.2250 kilograms per cubic meter (0.07647 lb/cu ft). It also specifies a temperature lapse rate of −6.5 °C (−11.7 °F) per km (approximately −2 °C (−3.6 °F) per 1,000 ft). [45] [46]

The International Standard Atmosphere is representative of atmospheric conditions at mid latitudes. In the US this information is specified the U.S. Standard Atmosphere which is identical to the "International Standard Atmosphere" at all altitudes up to 65,000 feet above sea level.[ citation needed ]

Standard laboratory conditions

Because many definitions of standard temperature and pressure differ in temperature significantly from standard laboratory temperatures (e.g. 0 °C vs. ~28 °C), reference is often made to "standard laboratory conditions" (a term deliberately chosen to be different from the term "standard conditions for temperature and pressure", despite its semantic near identity when interpreted literally). However, what is a "standard" laboratory temperature and pressure is inevitably geography-bound, given that different parts of the world differ in climate, altitude and the degree of use of heat/cooling in the workplace. For example, schools in New South Wales, Australia use 25 °C at 100 kPa for standard laboratory conditions. [47] ASTM International has published Standard ASTM E41- Terminology Relating to Conditioning and hundreds of special conditions for particular materials and test methods. Other standards organizations also have specialized standard test conditions.[ citation needed ]

Molar volume of a gas

It is as important to indicate the applicable reference conditions of temperature and pressure when stating the molar volume of a gas [48] as it is when expressing a gas volume or volumetric flow rate. Stating the molar volume of a gas without indicating the reference conditions of temperature and pressure has very little meaning and can cause confusion.

The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below:

Technical literature can be confusing because many authors fail to explain whether they are using the ideal gas constant R, or the specific gas constant Rs. The relationship between the two constants is Rs = R / m, where m is the molecular mass of the gas.

The US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) uses 8.31432 m3·Pa/(mol·K) as the value of R. However, the USSA in 1976 does recognize that this value is not consistent with the values of the Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant. [49]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature-dependent, since mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0–20 °C range are given.
  2. The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F (0 °C).

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