South Weald Camp

Last updated

Site of South Weald Camp, much of the eastern part now occupied by a cricket pitch. The hillfort extends to the right of this south-facing image, covered by woodland. SW 2 New.jpg
Site of South Weald Camp, much of the eastern part now occupied by a cricket pitch. The hillfort extends to the right of this south-facing image, covered by woodland.

South Weald Camp was a hillfort based in South Weald, Brentwood, Essex, England. Roughly circular in plan, the fort covered 2.8 hectares (6.9 acres), with a suggested construction date in the late Iron Age, from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. [1] The location is associated in this period with the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes.

Contents

The camp's defences consisted of a rampart and steep banked slope, with traces of an external ditch. Although for a long time after the Iron Age, the Camp didn't have much use, in the medieval period the fort was used as part of a deer-park and then later used as a WWII training ground. Nowadays, a road (Sandpit Lane) runs roughly north-south through the fort dividing it somewhat unequally with roughly a third to the west falling into Weald Country Park and two-thirds to the east occupied by South Weald Cricket Club.

Archaeology

Two studies of the hillfort were reported in 1995; Isserlin 1995 is an analytical field survey of South Weald and another hillfort, and Medlycott et al. 1995 reports the results of two trenches excavated in 1990 at points to the north-west and south-west across the rampart and ditches. [2] [3] Their findings inform contemporary understanding of the Camp, and identify four main periods of activity at the site.

Iron Age hillfort

Lock and Ralston, in their Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland, describe South Weald Camp as a slight univallate hillfort lying 300 metres (980 ft) to the west of Calcott Hall Farm within South Weald Country Park. The camp occupies a slight hillslope at approximately 98 metres (322 ft) to 102 metres (335 ft) above sea level. A road running S-NNW cuts the ramparts, beyond which the western side lies within woodland. Almost circular in plan it comprises a single bank and external ditch enclosing approximately 2.8 hectares (6.9 acres). It survives as a slight earthwork in the west. Between the internal bank and external ditch the scarp slope has been modified and is up to 3m high. Elsewhere the levelled bank is indicated only as a slight break in slope. The ditch is now partially in-filled in places, but elsewhere it survives as a buried feature. Two trenches excavated in 1990 (Medlycott et al. 1995) showed it to be 3.4 metres (11 ft) wide and 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) deep with steep sides which tapered to an approximately 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) wide flattened bottom. Silts at the bottom of the ditch were considered to have formed under waterlogged conditions shortly after the ditch was dug. A limited number of pottery sherds recovered from near the base of the ditch were dated 1st century BC-1st century AD, suggesting it was constructed in the late Iron Age. The ditch was recut between the 10th and 12th centuries AD. One entrance survives in the south with a slightly in-turned terminal in the east (Isserlin 1995, 44). Behind the rampart a linear slot from which charcoal, burnt clay and burnt stones were recovered, was interpreted as a possible revetment slot. An oval posthole and further postholes running at right angles and parallel to the rampart were also recorded. A cricket ground and pavilion now lies inside in the north-east. [1]

Medieval period

There is evidence that during the medieval period much of the ditch was 'reformed' to fit another purpose. Isserlin suggests that the plan of the iron age earthwork was used as hedging forming the boundary of a deerpark, with additional earthworks added to the west to incorporate a pond within the park complex. [2]

16th–20th century

The deer park at South Weald continued in use up to 1939; but sites to the north-west have been quarried for sand and gravel, very possibly to provide metalling construction materials for turnpikes or later roads. The park became part of the land of Weald Hall, and there is evidence of widespread landscape gardening including, presumably, removal or flattening of some of the fort's ramparts. [2]

20th–21st century

Part of the western remains of the hill-fort located in South Weald Country Park. The hillfort extends out from this image covering some of the cricket ground nearby. HillFort.jpg
Part of the western remains of the hill-fort located in South Weald Country Park. The hillfort extends out from this image covering some of the cricket ground nearby.

During the Second World War the area was used as both a military training ground as well as allotment fields. This had a severe impact causing extensive damage on both the archaeology of the site and the surviving earthwork. In 1975, a gas main was installed across the section owned by the cricket ground, but no structures or finds were reported. In 1990, Essex County Council gave permission for a small research excavation to be undertaken on the western portion of the earthwork (Weald Country Park) under the general direction of Owen Bedwin, with day-to-day supervision by Steve Godbold and the writing of the report (and much of this article) Maria Medlycott. During which, several objects were found including burnt clay, worked flint and pottery. [3] [2]

Post-war, the east of the site has been levelled to provide for a cricket pitch, and only slight landforms are still evident in the west. [2]

Scheduling

South Weald Camp was listed as a Scheduled Monument in January 1955, on the basis of the general rarity in the UK of slight univallate hillforts, as well as their specific rarity in the east of England. The listing conjectures that (despite the ditch-infilling and general state of the site) South Weald holds the potential for the recovery of further archeological remains, and specifies that the site is of national importance. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uffington Castle</span>

Uffington Castle is an early Iron Age univallate hillfort in Oxfordshire, England. It covers about 32,000 square metres and is surrounded by two earth banks separated by a ditch with an entrance in the western end. A second entrance in the eastern end was apparently blocked up a few centuries after it was built. The original defensive ditch was V-shaped with a small box rampart in front and a larger one behind it. Timber posts stood on the ramparts. Later the ditch was deepened and the extra material dumped on top of the ramparts to increase their size. A parapet wall of sarsen stones lined the top of the innermost rampart. It is very close to the Uffington White Horse on White Horse Hill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weald Country Park</span>

Weald Country Park is a 700-year-old, 500 acre (2 km²) country park in South Weald in the borough of Brentwood in the English county of Essex. It is on the north-east fringe of Greater London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wincobank (hill fort)</span>

Wincobank is an Iron Age hill fort near Wincobank in Sheffield, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolebury Warren</span> Hillfort in North Somerset

Dolebury Warren is a 90.6 hectares biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and ancient monument near the villages of Churchill and Rowberrow in North Somerset, part of South West England. It is owned by the National Trust, who acquired the freehold in 1983, and managed by the Avon Wildlife Trust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dowsborough</span> Hillfort in Somerset

Dowsborough Camp is an Iron Age hill fort on the Quantock Hills near Nether Stowey in Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Scheduled Monument. The fort and associated round barrow has been added to the Heritage at Risk Register due to vulnerability to vehicle damage and erosion.

Voley Castle is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to Parracombe in north Devon, England. The fort is situated on a promontory on the eastern side of Heale Down, approximately 230 metres (750 ft) above sea level. It is close to another Iron Age hill fort at Beacon Castle. Voley Castle is a slight univallate hillfort, a rare type of hill fort found mainly in Devon, and is unusual for its type because it has an outer earthwork.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Trundle</span> Archaeological site in West Sussex, England

The Trundle is an Iron Age hillfort on St Roche's Hill about 4 miles (6 km) north of Chichester, West Sussex, England, built on the site of a causewayed enclosure, a form of early Neolithic earthwork found in northwestern Europe. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. Hillforts were built as early as 1000 BC, in the Late Bronze Age, and continued to be built through the Iron Age until shortly before the Roman occupation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nordy Bank</span> Iron Age hill fort in Shropshire, England

Nordy Bank is an Iron Age hill fort on Brown Clee Hill in the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in South Shropshire, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buckland Rings</span> Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England

Buckland Rings is the site of an Iron Age hill fort in the town of Lymington, Hampshire. Today, the mounds and dykes around the outside which once constituted its defences are still clearly visible, although the outer bank lies under the road on the west side, and on the south-east it is nearly ploughed-out. Excavations of the inner and middle ramparts in 1935 revealed that they were of wall-and-fill construction, retained at the front by upright timber beams and walls of cut and laid turf. The entrance, which lies on the east side, was also excavated revealing a long entrance passage and the postholes for a pair of stout gateposts. The site was bought by Hampshire County Council in 1989 to ensure its preservation, and it is open to the public from the A337 road onto which part of it faces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blewburton Hill</span> Hillfort in Oxfordshire, England

Blewburton Hill is the site of an Iron Age hillfort located in Oxfordshire, in the southeast of England. It was a univallate hillfort. The area is mostly farmland with some small areas of wooded copse to the south and the northeast. The hill fort may have been occupied from the 4th century BC to the 1st century BC, and replaced a small settlement surrounded by a stockade, which is estimated to have been built in the 5th or 6th century BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scratchbury Camp</span> Iron Age hillfort in Wiltshire, England

Scratchbury Camp is the site of an Iron Age univallate hillfort on Scratchbury Hill, overlooking the Wylye valley about 1 km northeast of the village of Norton Bavant in Wiltshire, England. The fort covers an area of 37 acres (15 ha) and occupies the summit of the hill on the edge of Salisbury Plain, with its four-sided shape largely following the natural contours of the hill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiselbury</span> Iron Age hillfort in Wiltshire, England

Chiselbury is the site of an Iron Age univallate hillfort in Wiltshire, England. The hillfort is sub-circular in plan, and encloses an area of approximately 10.5 acres (460,000 sq ft). It is defined by an earthen rampart up to 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height and an external ditch, up to a maximum of 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) in depth. A gap in the south-eastern side of the rampart, and a corresponding causeway across the ditch, is thought to be the original entrance and is associated with a small D-shaped embanked enclosure, which is apparently visible on aerial photographs. Although the enclosure has subsequently been degraded by ploughing, it is still apparent as a series of low earthworks.

Hillforts in Britain refers to the various hillforts within the island of Great Britain. Although the earliest such constructs fitting this description come from the Neolithic British Isles, with a few also dating to later Bronze Age Britain, British hillforts were primarily constructed during the British Iron Age. Some of these were apparently abandoned in the southern areas that were a part of Roman Britain, although at the same time, those areas of northern Britain that remained free from Roman occupation saw an increase in their construction. Some hillforts were reused in the Early Middle Ages, and in some rarer cases, into the Later Medieval period as well. By the early modern period, these had essentially all been abandoned, with many being excavated by archaeologists in the nineteenth century onward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grovely Castle</span> Iron Age hillfort in Wiltshire, England

Grovely Castle is the site of an Iron Age univallate hill fort in the parish of Steeple Langford, in Wiltshire, England. The remaining ramparts stand approximately 3.2 m (10 ft) high, with 1.5 m (4.9 ft) deep ditches, although ploughing has damaged the earthworks in some parts of the site. Excavations have uncovered the remains of five human skeletons within the ramparts. Entrances are in the south-west and north-east corners of the hillfort. A circular enclosure of 35 to 40 m is evident in aerial photographs of the hillfort interior. There is also a later bank and ditch which runs through the hill-fort from south-west to north-east, and is probably part of an extensive surrounding Celtic field system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesar's Camp, Rushmoor and Waverley</span> Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England

Caesar's Camp is an Iron Age hill fort straddling the border of the counties of Surrey and Hampshire in southern England. The fort straddles the borough of Waverley in Surrey and the borough of Rushmoor and the district of Hart, both in Hampshire. Caesar's Camp is a Scheduled Ancient Monument with a list entry identification number of 1007895. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the town of Farnham, and a similar distance west of Aldershot. The hillfort lies entirely within the Bourley and Long Valley Site of Special Scientific Interest. Caesar's Camp is a multivallate hillfort, a fort with multiple defensive rings, occupying an irregular promontory, with an entrance on the south side. The site has been much disturbed by military activity, especially at the southeast corner. The remains of the hillfort are considered to be of national importance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clearbury Ring</span> Iron Age hillfort in Wiltshire, England

Clearbury Ring is a univallate Iron Age hillfort which is partly in the parish of Downton in the county of Wiltshire in south-west England, approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) due south of Salisbury city centre. The site, which is a scheduled monument, straddles the boundary with Odstock parish, and a slight scarp runs across the interior of the fort, marking the parish boundary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalbury Hillfort</span> Iron Age hillfort in Dorset, England

Chalbury Hillfort is an Iron Age hillfort about 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of the village of Bincombe, in Dorset, England. It is a scheduled monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadson Bury</span> Iron Age hillfort in Cornwall, England

Cadson Bury is an Iron Age hillfort about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-west of Callington, in Cornwall, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hollingbury Castle</span>

Hollingbury Castle, also known as Hollingbury Camp and Hollingbury Hillfort, is an Iron Age hillfort on the northern edge of Brighton, in East Sussex, England. It is adjacent to Hollingbury Park Golf Course.

Brandon Camp is an archaeological site, about 1 mile south of Leintwardine, in Herefordshire. England. It is a hillfort of the Iron Age, which later became a Roman fort. The site is a scheduled monument.

References

  1. 1 2 Lock, G.; Ralston, I. (2017). "Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland" . Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Isserlin, R. M J. (1995). "Analytical field survey at two Essex 'hill forts': South Weald Camp and Langdon Hills" (PDF). Essex Archaeology and History. 26: 40–52.
  3. 1 2 Meddlycott, M.; Bedwin, O.; Godbold, S. (1995). "South Weald Camp - a probable late Iron Age hill fort: excavations 1990" (PDF). Essex Archaeology and History. 26: 53–64.
  4. Historic England. "Slight univallate hillfort 300m west of Calcott Hall Farm (1013833)". National Heritage List for England .

Attribution

51°37′42″N0°16′47″E / 51.6284°N 0.2798°E / 51.6284; 0.2798