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Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. In early Western thought,Platonic idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". In Categories,Aristotle similarly proposed that all objects have a substance that,as George Lakoff put it,"make the thing what it is,and without which it would be not that kind of thing". The contrary view—non-essentialism—denies the need to posit such an "essence". Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning. In the Parmenides dialogue,Plato depicts Socrates questioning the notion,suggesting that if we accept the idea that every beautiful thing or just action partakes of an essence to be beautiful or just,we must also accept the "existence of separate essences for hair,mud,and dirt".
In the psychology of self,one's self-concept is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally,self-concept embodies the answer to the question "Who am I?".
Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. It is theorized to be a contributing factor to long-standing racial and gender gaps in academic performance. Since its introduction into the academic literature,stereotype threat has become one of the most widely studied topics in the field of social psychology.
Claude Mason Steele is a social psychologist and emeritus professor at Stanford University,where he is the I. James Quillen Endowed Dean,Emeritus at the Stanford University Graduate School of Education,and Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences,Emeritus.
Melanie Killen is a developmental psychologist and Professor of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology,and Professor of Psychology (Affiliate) at the University of Maryland,and Honorary Professor of Psychology at the University of Kent,Canterbury,UK. She is supported by funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD),and the National Science Foundation (NSF) for her research. In 2008,she was awarded Distinguished Scholar-Teacher by the Provost's office at the University of Maryland. She is the Director of the Social and Moral Development Lab at the University of Maryland.
Ethnic identity development includes the identity formation in an individual's self-categorization in,and psychological attachment to,(an) ethnic group(s). Ethnic identity is characterized as part of one's overarching self-concept and identification. It is distinct from the development of ethnic group identities.
Margaret Beale Spencer is an American psychologist whose work centers on the effects of ethnicity,gender,and race on youth and adolescent development. She currently serves as the Marshall Field IV Professor of Urban Education in the Department of Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago. Dr. Spencer's career spans more than 30 years and consists of over 115 published articles and chapters,stemming from work funded by over two-dozen foundations and federal agencies.
Sarah-Jane Leslie is the Class of 1943 Professor of Philosophy and former Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton University,where she is also affiliated faculty in the Department of Psychology,the Kahneman-Treisman Center for Behavioral Science and Public Policy,the Program in Cognitive Science,the Program in Linguistics,and the University Center for Human Values.
Kay Deaux is an American social psychologist known for her pioneering research on immigration and feminist identity. Deaux is Distinguished Professor Emerita at the Department of Psychology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). According to Brenda Major,Deaux's work centers on the question of how social categories affect one's psychological makeup,social behavior,and life outcomes,while emphasizing the subjectivity of people's identities and experiences and the larger social context.
Stephanie Fryberg is a Tulalip psychologist who received her Master's and Doctorate degrees from Stanford University,where in 2011 she was inducted into the Multicultural Hall of Fame. In the same year,she testified before Senate on Stolen Identities:The impact of racist stereotypes on Indigenous people. She previously taught psychology at the University of Arizona,at the Tulalip Community at Marysville School,and at the University of Washington. She currently teaches American Indian Studies and Psychology at the Northwestern University in Chicago,and is a member of the Tulalip Tribes. Her research focuses on race,class,and culture in relation to ones psychological development and mental health. She translated Carol Dweck's growth mindset;taking a communal-oriented approach. The students on her tribe's reservation who received her translation had significant improvement compared to the original version.
Kristina Reiss Olson is a psychologist and a professor at Princeton University. She is known for her research on the development of social categories,transgender youth,and variation in human gender development. Olson was recipient of the 2016 Janet Taylor Spence Award from the Association for Psychological Science for transformative early career contributions,and the 2014 SAGE Young Scholars Award. Olson received the Alan T. Waterman Award from the National Science Foundation in 2018,and was the first psychological scientist to receive this prestigious award honoring early-career scientists. Olson is a member of the 2018 cohort of MacArthur fellows.
Rebecca Bigler is a developmental psychologist known for research on social stereotyping,prejudice,and children's perceptions of discrimination. Bigler is Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin.
Robert M. Sellers is the Charles D. Moody Collegiate Professor of Psychology and Education at University of Michigan who formerly served as the Vice Provost for Equity and Inclusion &Chief Diversity Officer. His research focuses on the importance of racial identity. Most specifically,Sellers focuses on the identity of African Americans,regarding a variety of domains,such as mental health and discrimination.
Makeba Parramore Wilbourn is an American developmental psychologist and professor at Duke University in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience. She studies how children acquire knowledge. She was awarded the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Barack Obama. This is the highest honor bestowed on early career scientists in the US.
Mia A. Smith-Bynum a clinical psychologist who specializes in family science and is known for her research on mental health,parenting,family interactions,communication,and racial-ethnic socialization in ethnic minority families. Smith-Bynum is associate professor of Family Science in the School of Public Health at the University of Maryland-College Park,where she is also affiliated with the Maryland Population Research Center. She is Chair of the Black Caucus of the Society for Research in Child Development.
Shauna Michelle Cooper is an American psychologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research considers how race,culture and context influence the development of African-American young people.
Brendesha Marie Tynes is an American psychologist who is a professor of Psychology and Education at the USC Rossier School of Education. Her research considers how young people engage with social media,and how this influences their socioeconomic and academic outcomes. Tynes is principal investigator on the Teen Life Online and in Schools Project,which studies race-related cyberbullying.
Diane Leslie Hughes is a developmental psychologist known for her research on racial-ethnic socialization,parent-child communication about discrimination and racism,interracial relationships,and the influence of racial ecology on people's experiences in social settings. She is Professor of Applied Psychology at the Steinhardt School of Culture,Education,and Human Development and co-director of the Center for Research on Culture,Development,and Education at New York University.
Identity safety cues are aspects of an environment or setting that signal to members of stigmatized groups that the threat of discrimination is limited within that environment and / or that their social identities are welcomed and valued. Identity safety cues have been shown to reduce the negative impacts impact of social identity threats,which are when people experience situations where they feel devalued on the basis of a social identity. Such threats have been shown to undermine performance in academic and work-related contexts and make members of stigmatized groups feel as though they do not belong. Identity safety cues have been proposed as a way of alleviating the negative impact of stereotype threat or other social identity threats,reducing disparities in academic performance for members of stigmatized groups,and reducing health disparities caused by identity related stressors.
Lynn S. Liben is developmental psychologist known for her research on effects of gender and racial stereotypes on child development. Liben is an Evan Pugh University Professor of Psychology,Human Development and Family Studies,and Education at Pennsylvania State University.
References
- ↑ "Isaacson Miller Results Details". www.imsearch.com. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
- 1 2 "Stephanie J. Rowley". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
- ↑ "Governing Council | Society for Research in Child Development SRCD". www.srcd.org. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ Rowley, S. J. (1997). "Racial identity, school engagement, and educational utility in African-American high school students". Doctoral Dissertation, University of Virginia.
- ↑ "Stephanie J. Rowley Will Become Teachers College's Next Provost, Dean and Vice President for Academic Affairs". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ↑ "Stephanie Rowley Selected for Rackham Distinguished Graduate Mentor Award | U-M LSA Department of Psychology". lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ↑ "Cornerstone Award | Office of Academic Multicultural Initiatives" . Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#0820309 - IRADS: Center for the Study of Black Youth in Context (CSBYC)". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#0335308 - Collaborative Research: A Longitudinal Study of Race Socialization and Achievement Striving in African American Adolescents". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#0818406 - Collaborative Research: Gender, Race, and Identity Development in Black Youth". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ↑ "Stephanie Johnson Rowley". Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ↑ "Stephanie J. Rowley - Publications". neurotree.org. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
- ↑ Sellers, Robert M.; Smith, Mia A.; Shelton, J. Nicole; Rowley, Stephanie A.J.; Chavous, Tabbye M. (1998-02-01). "Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2 (1): 18–39. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2. hdl: 2027.42/68695 . ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 15647149. S2CID 9782670.
- 1 2 Beth Kurtz-Costes; Stephanie J. Rowley; April Harris-Britt; Taniesha A. Woods (2008). "Gender Stereotypes about Mathematics and Science and Self-Perceptions of Ability in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 54 (3): 386–409. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0001. ISSN 1535-0266. S2CID 145458350.
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