Steven D. Hollon | |
---|---|
Born | 1949 Washington, D.C. |
Nationality | American |
Occupation(s) | Psychologist and academic researcher |
Title | Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology |
Spouse | Judy Garber |
Academic background | |
Education | BA, Psychology and Anthropology (1971) MSc, Clinical Psychology (1974) PhD, Clinical Psychology (1977) |
Alma mater | George Washington University Florida State University |
Doctoral advisor | Aaron Beck |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Minnesota Vanderbilt University |
Steven D. Hollon (born 1949) is an American psychologist,academic and researcher. He is the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University.
Hollon's research focuses on the treatment and prevention of depression with a particular emphasis on cognitive therapy in comparison to antidepressant medications. His research (mostly in collaboration with Robert J. DeRubeis) has found that cognitive therapy is as efficacious and more enduring than antidepressant medications in the treatment of unipolar depression. [1] That cognitive therapy has an enduring effect is perhaps his major contribution;studies dating to the early 1980s have found that treating patients with cognitive therapy cuts risk for relapse by more than half following relative to medication treatment following treatment termination and is at least as efficacious as keeping patients on antidepressant medications. [2] He has over 300 publications and has mentored over 20 doctoral and post-doctoral advisees. [3]
Hollon was born in 1949 in Washington DC. He received a B.A. in Psychology and Anthropology in 1971 from George Washington University. He completed his graduate training at the Florida State University where he worked with Jack Hokanson. He received a M.Sc. in Clinical Psychology in 1974 and a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology in 1977. It was in graduate school that he developed his interest in the nature and treatment of depression with a particular emphasis on work by Aaron T. Beck (cognitive theory and therapy),Martin E. P. Seligman (learned helplessness),and Gerald Klerman (controlled clinical trials). [4]
After his third year in graduate school with dissertation data in hand,Hollon followed his future wife Judy Garber to Philadelphia where she had gone earlier that year to work with Martin Seligman (an informal mentor to Hollon as well). Hollon got the opportunity to work with Aaron T. Beck,the progenitor of cognitive therapy,who became his primary mentor. The following year,Hollon went through the psychiatric residency program at University of Pennsylvania to broaden his exposure to other interventions. During his time in Philadelphia,his primary mentor Beck introduced him to his third mentor Gerald Klerman,a major proponent of controlled clinical trials. [4]
Hollon joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor of psychology in 1977 and was promoted with tenure to the rank of associate professor three years later in 1980. Hollon connected early with Robert DeRubeis and has collaborated with him on multiple studies over the course of his career. In 1985,Hollon moved to Vanderbilt University where he was promoted to Full Professor in 1988. In 2011,he was named the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology. [5]
He is the former Editor of Cognitive Therapy and Research and Associate Editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. He is a past President of Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT), [6] the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology (SSCP), [7] and the first chair of the steering committee advising the American Psychological Association on clinical practice guidelines. [8]
Since the beginning of his career,Hollon's work has been focused on depression and its treatment. His work extends from basic psychopathology to prevention and treatment. When he moved to Philadelphia to work with Beck in the mid-1970s,he joined a group that was studying the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of depression. Beck and colleagues,Augustus John Rush and Maria Kovacs completed the first controlled trial to suggest that a psychosocial intervention could at least hold its own with medications [9] and had an enduring effect that medications simply lacked. [10]
After he moved to Minnesota,he and DeRubeis conducted a clinical trial that again showed that CBT was as efficacious as adequately implemented antidepressant medications [11] and once again more enduring. [12] Continuing to work together,Hollon and DeRubeis conducted two more randomized controlled trials. The first showed that CBT is as efficacious as antidepressant medications for even more severe depressions [13] and once again more enduring. [14] The second trial found that adding CBT to medications enhanced recovery in a moderated fashion (only non-chronic patients with more severe depressions benefitted) [15] although at the expense of CBT's enduring effect. [16] Hollon has contributed to four of the seven trials (out of eight total) that have found prior cognitive therapy has an enduring effect relative to antidepressant medications following treatment termination. [17]
In 2006,Hollon joined with Sona Dimidjian in the aftermath of Neil Jacobson’s untimely death to bring a placebo-controlled trial to closure that found behavioral activation as efficacious as medications [18] and as enduring as CBT. [19] A subsequent trial in rural India conducted by Vikram Patel indicated that a brief 6 to 8 session culturally adapted version of behavioral activation called the Healthy Activity Program (HAP) conducted by non-professional lay counselors was more efficacious than enhanced usual care among depressed patients in primary care [20] with little indication of relapse over the nine months following treatment termination. [21]
Hollon's studies have suggested that the specificity of treatment response is heavily moderated;only patients with more severe depressions show a "true drug" response relative to pill-placebo [22] and the same appears to be true for psychotherapy. [23] Change in cognition appears to drive change in depression in cognitive therapy while the opposite pattern obtains in medication treatment [24] whereas acquisition of skills and change in underlying core beliefs appears to mediate the enduring effects found for cognitive therapy. [25] His recent interests have gravitated toward optimizing treatment selection (moderation),global mental health,and evolutionary theory with respect to depression. [26]
Hollon is married to Judy Garber,a developmental psychopathologist,who is the Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology and Human Development at Vanderbilt University. Garber does work on risk for depression and more recently its prevention in at-risk adolescents. Their son Nicholas Garber Hollon is a neuroscientist. [27]
Antidepressants are a class of medications used to treat major depressive disorder,anxiety disorders,chronic pain,and addiction.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions,primarily depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most effective means of treatment for substance abuse and co-occurring mental health disorders. CBT focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression,its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many mental health conditions,including anxiety,substance use disorders,marital problems,ADHD,and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive,uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning,and individuals with GAD are often overly concerned about everyday matters such as health,finances,death,family,relationship concerns,or work difficulties. Symptoms may include excessive worry,restlessness,trouble sleeping,exhaustion,irritability,sweating,and trembling.
Cognitive restructuring (CR) is a psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts known as cognitive distortions,such as all-or-nothing thinking (splitting),magical thinking,overgeneralization,magnification,and emotional reasoning,which are commonly associated with many mental health disorders. CR employs many strategies,such as Socratic questioning,thought recording,and guided imagery,and is used in many types of therapies,including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT). A number of studies demonstrate considerable efficacy in using CR-based therapies.
Dysthymia,also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD),is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically a disorder primarily of mood,consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder,but with longer-lasting symptoms. The concept was used by Robert Spitzer as a replacement for the term "depressive personality" in the late 1970s.
The Dodo bird verdict is a controversial topic in psychotherapy,referring to the claim that all empirically validated psychotherapies,regardless of their specific components,produce equivalent outcomes. It is named after the Dodo character in Alice in Wonderland. The conjecture was introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936,drawing on imagery from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,but only came into prominence with the emergence of new research evidence in the 1970s.
Atypical depression is defined in the DSM IV as depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of major depressive disorder or dysthymia but is characterized by improved mood in response to positive events. In contrast to those with atypical depression,people with melancholic depression generally do not experience an improved mood in response to normally pleasurable events. Atypical depression also often features significant weight gain or an increased appetite,hypersomnia,a heavy sensation in the limbs,and interpersonal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment.
Mental disorders are classified as a psychological condition marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality,mind,and emotions to seriously impair the normal psychological and often social functioning of the individual. Individuals diagnosed with certain mental disorders can be unable to function normally in society. Mental disorders may consist of several affective,behavioral,cognitive and perceptual components. The acknowledgement and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures. There are still variations in the definition,classification,and treatment of mental disorders.
Behavioral activation (BA) is a third generation behavior therapy for treating depression. Behavioral activation primarily emphasizes engaging in positive and enjoyable activities to enhance one's mood. It is one form of functional analytic psychotherapy,which is based on a Skinnerian psychological model of behavior change,generally referred to as applied behavior analysis. This area is also a part of what is called clinical behavior analysis (CBA) and makes up one of the most effective practices in the professional practice of behavior analysis. The technique can also be used from a cognitive-behavior therapy framework.
Management of depression is the treatment of depression that may involve a number of different therapies:medications,behavior therapy,psychotherapy,and medical devices.
Major depressive disorder,often simply referred to as depression,is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability. It is accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue,apathy,sleep problems,loss of appetite,loss of engagement,low self-regard/worthlessness,difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness,or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations,sweating,shaking,shortness of breath,numbness,or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes. There may be ongoing worries about having further attacks and avoidance of places where attacks have occurred in the past.
Clinical behavior analysis is the clinical application of behavior analysis (ABA). CBA represents a movement in behavior therapy away from methodological behaviorism and back toward radical behaviorism and the use of functional analytic models of verbal behavior—particularly,relational frame theory (RFT).
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a technique for treating insomnia without medications. Insomnia is a common problem involving trouble falling asleep,staying asleep,or getting quality sleep. CBT-I aims to improve sleep habits and behaviors by identifying and changing the thoughts and the behaviors that affect the ability of a person to sleep or sleep well.
Melancholic depression,or depression with melancholic features,is a DSM-IV and DSM-5 specifier of depressive disorders. This type of depression has specific symptoms that make it different from the standard clinical depression list of symptoms. Furthermore,melancholic depression has a specific subset of causes and can respond differently to treatment than other clinical depression types.
PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder,is a psychiatric disorder characterised by intrusive thoughts and memories,dreams or flashbacks of the event;avoidance of people,places and activities that remind the individual of the event;ongoing negative beliefs about oneself or the world,mood changes and persistent feelings of anger,guilt or fear;alterations in arousal such as increased irritability,angry outbursts,being hypervigilant,or having difficulty with concentration and sleep.
Occupational therapy is used to manage the issues caused by seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Occupational therapists assist with the management of SAD through the incorporation of a variety of healthcare disciplines into therapeutic practice. Potential patients with SAD are assessed,treated,and evaluated primarily using treatments such as drug therapies,light therapies,and psychological therapies. Therapists are often involved in designing an individualised treatment plan that most effectively meets the client's goals and needs around their responsiveness to a variety of treatments.
The Coping Cat program is a CBT manual-based and comprehensive treatment program for children from 7 to 13 years old with separation anxiety disorder,social anxiety disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,and/or related anxiety disorders. It was designed by Philip C. Kendall,PhD,ABPP,and colleagues at the Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic at Temple University. A related program called C.A.T. Project is aimed at adolescents aged 14 to 17. See the publishers webpage [www.WorkbookPublishing.com]
Claudi Bockting is a Dutch clinical psychologist and Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry at the University of Amsterdams Faculty of Medicine,Amsterdam University Medical Centers. Her research program focuses on identifying etiological factors of common mental health disorders such as depression,anxiety disorders and substance abuse,and developing evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions.
Ricardo Felipe Muñoz is an academic,psychologist,and author. He is Distinguished Professor of Clinical Psychology at Palo Alto University,and Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the School of Medicine at the University of California,San Francisco. He serves as Adjunct Clinical Professor at Stanford University,and Affiliated Faculty at the University of California,Berkeley.