Stoyan Christowe (né Naumof) was born in Konomladi, Ottoman Macedonia, 1 September 1898 to Mitra and Christo Naumof. He was the eldest of three children, preceding his brother, Vasil, and Mara, his sister. Born into the disintegrating Ottoman Empire, Christowe dreamed of becoming a komitadji, a freedom fighter. He longed to help overthrow the oppressive, 500-year long Ottoman rule, in order to bring freedom to Macedonia.[1]
After the failure of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, many Konomladi residents sought a better life in the United States of America. These immigrants would often periodically come back to the village wearing luxury items, such as gold teeth, expensive wrist-watches.[2] Their stories of the wealth and opportunities in the United States inspired the young Christowe to see the country for himself. Homes were still mostly illuminated using candles at this time in Ottoman Macedonia, and mule-pulled carriages were the primary mode of long-distance transportation. [citation needed]
Life in the United States
At only 13-years-old, Stoyan Naumoff (he would later change his name to "Hristov", and in 1924 anglicized it to "Christowe") boarded the Oceanic in Naples, Italy, destined for the United States. Ellis Island records indicate that he passed himself off as a 16-year-old Italian named Giovanni Chorbadji, believing that he would be admitted to the US easier if he were not a "Balkan peasant".
Following his immigration screening at Ellis Island, he immediately headed to St. Louis, Missouri. Once there, he bunked in squalid conditions with other Macedonian men, taking on a succession of menial jobs, including in a shoe factory, as a soda jerk and later in St. Louis Union Station. The pay for these positions was low, and the days were long. The nature of this kind of work was both dangerous and tedious for a teenage Christowe. He gradually learned English, making great efforts to assimilate to American culture. The majority of Balkan immigrants to the United States made little effort to conform to the American way of life, living as closely as possible to how they did in their respective homelands. The sole objective for these individuals was to live as cheaply as possible for a few years, work endlessly in order to save money, then to return to Macedonia to "live like a pasha."
Their beings were not inoculated with the leaven of America that worked so powerfully with earlier immigrants from other lands. They were familiar with the heat of the steel mills and iron foundries and roundhouses but never came in contact with the heat of the melting pot. America had not put her finger on their minds or hearts as it had done to millions before them and as it would to their children and grandchildren.[3]
After 3 years in St. Louis, Christowe embarqued on a journey that would take him across the country. First he traveled westward,finding work on the Union Pacific Railway in Montana and Wyoming. He enrolled at Valparaiso University in an effort to earn his high school diploma. His writing career began as a contributor to The Torch, the college's newspaper.
Frontpage of TheTorch
In 1922, he moved to a Chicago suburb in search of a career, and eventually started freelancing as a book reviewer for the Chicago Daily News. He was dispatched to the Balkans as a correspondont from 1927 to1929. Christowe was stationed in Bulgaria during this period, ultimately becoming a comrade of Aleksandar Balabanov and Elin Pelin. In 1928, Christowe, then using the surname "Hristov" visited Greece, but intentionally avoided the village of his birth for the fear of being conscripted as a soldier in the Greek army. As a correspondent in Sofia he interviewed Ivan Mihailov, Tsar Boris III, Vlado Chernozemski and others. Stoyan eventually became a well-recognized expert on that region. His book, Heroes and Assassins, became required reading for those seeking to understand the post-World War Balkans, as well as the factional politics of Macedonia, the principal player in it being the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.[4]
I belong spiritually as well as chronologically to the generations of immigrants who had to Americanize as well as acculturate, integrate, assimilate, coalesce, all at the same time. With me, the process had begun even before I had set foot on American soil. Robert Frost expressed it when he said at John F. Kennedy's inauguration that 'We were the land, before the land was ours.[5]
Christowe visited Bulgaria once again in 1934, just after the military government crackdown on the IMRO. In the 1930s Stoyan moved to New York City and spent ten years penning articles and writing book reviews for major magazines of the day, like the Dial, the Story Magazine, Harper's Bazaar and a myriad of others, establishing himself as a respected author and critic. Stoyan's fourth book, "This is My Country", was in fact found on president Franklin D. Roosevelt bedside table when he died, a present from his wife Eleanor.
Upon reaching his thirties, Christowe began a quest to untangle his roots. He had struggled with the issue of his national identity since his teenage years. In 1929, in an article in The Outlook and Independent he addressed the issue candidly:[6]
What has been there result of this long gestation in the womb of America? Despite the readiness and zeal with which I tossed myself in the melting pot I still am not wholly an American and never will be. It is not my fault. I have done all I could. America will not accept me. America wanted more, it wanted complete transformation inward and outward. That is impossible in one generation. Then what is my fate? What am I? Am I still what I was before I came to America, or am I a half American and half something else? To me, precisely, there lies our tragedy. I am neither one nor the other, I am an orphan. Spiritually, physically, linguistically I have not been wholly domesticated.[7]
His passage from discombobulated newcomer, to hyphenated-American, to articulate chronicler of the migrant's experience, offers a primary source that changes over the thirty years of his writing.
Personal life
The privilege to speak is a basic and important privilege…. Just think what would happen if the privilege to speak was taken away from me, you too would be affected for you could not listen to me.. let alone speak.…"
Craggy soil sprung a rebel, April 27, 1958 The New York Times
In 1939, Christowe married Margaret Wooters, a writer from Philadelphia. They had met seven years earlier while he was working on his first book, Heroes and Assassins, as a writer in residence at the Yaddo Writing Retreat. He and Margaret moved to Vermont in 1939. In 1941, shortly after the US entered World War II, Christowe was called to duty and worked as a military analyst covering the Balkans in the War Department for the next two years. In December 1943 he returned to Vermont and refocused on writing, his true calling. He spent the next ten years writing articles, editorial pieces and book reviews for major American newspapers and magazines.[8] However, the matters of his identity, his roots, and his place in American society continued to haunt him. In the first half of his life, Christowe self-identified as Bulgarian. He reinterpreted his understanding of his background after World War II and the establishment of the Macedonian state within the Yugoslav Federation, establishing himself as an ethnic Macedonian.[9]
He gave numerous lectures at college campuses in Austria, Germany and Yugoslavia speaking at college campuses and lecturing about American ideals. In 1952, Christowe visited Skopje, the capital of Yugoslav Macedonia. In 1953, he met Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade. Christowe criticized the Marshal for his treatment of political dissidents.[citation needed] In 1985 he revisited Yugoslavia, where he was awarded with the title Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Sts. Cyril & Methodius in Skopje.[10]
Political career
The 1964 Vermont Senate
After graduating from Valparaiso University, Stojan became a correspondent for the Chicago Daily News.[11]
A 'New Yorker' from 1930 to 1939 he worked as a freelance writer and from 1941 to 1943 as a military analyst at the War Department. In Vermont, from January 1944 to 1959 he was a writer, book reviewer, lecturer and newspaper correspondent for The North American Newspaper Alliance from 1951 to 1952.[clarification needed]
Christowe won a seat in the Vermont Legislature as a state representative, serving two consecutive terms in 1961 and 1963.[12]
He ran for a senate seat in 1965,[12] winning his county's Republican nomination in a landslide. Christowe was reelected in 1968, later retiring in 1972.[13] Senator Robert Gannet succeeded him[14]
Christowe's colleague, senator William Doyle, referred to him as "an original". His advocacy for freedom, equality and education for all is best remembered in a speech he made on the occasion of a proposed amendment to change the Constitution of Vermont.
Mr. President! The idea that our State's Constitution needs redefining of some of its most sacred definitions is preposterous. What's wrong with the way it's now? Do you want the Constitution to discriminate? Our constitution speaks of natural and naturalized citizens - a distinction without discrimination. These terms give us all the right to feel equally American!
Redefining it to read 'citizen' and 'natural citizen' implies that to be a citizen is less than if you are a natural citizen. Mr. Chairman, it is just as important that America is born in the man, and maybe even more so, than the man is born in America
—Vermont Senate, 1971
Senator Stoyan Christowe, 1964
Retiring from the Senate in 1972, Stoyan immediately went returned to writing. His last autobiographical novel, The Eagle and the Stork, was published in 1976. The book remains his most widely read novel.
Stoyan Christowe enjoyed relative notoriety as a writer during the 1930 and 1940s. His writing capabilities allotted him the power to inspire and persuade his readers. His numerous written works from his time as a correspondent in the Balkans contributed to the understanding of Southeastern European history in the early twentieth century. .[15] At home, during his years as a politician he served as a beacon shining light on what was good and right in America. But, his message to those not born in the US was to have faith in oneself, accept this country and its language and grow with it, and embrace one's own inner changes. And, he admonished, embrace your roots as well. "America has room for people who are Americans with origins elsewhere, it is the genius of the country."
In 2010, the Macedonian Arts Council founded The Stoyan Christowe Scholarship Fund. The scholarship is available exclusively to students of literature and political science,at Macedonian universities.[17]
The history of North Macedonia encompasses the history of the territory of the modern state of North Macedonia.
Skopje is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in the Skopje Basin.
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.
Georgi Dimitrov Mihaylov also known as Georgiy Mihaylovich Dimitrov, was a Bulgarian communist politician who served as leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party from 1933 to 1949, and the first leader of the Communist People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 to 1949. From 1935 to 1943, he was the General Secretary of the Communist International.
Macedonians are a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group native to the region of Macedonia in Southeast Europe. They speak Macedonian, a South Slavic language. The large majority of Macedonians identify as Eastern Orthodox Christians, who share a cultural and historical "Orthodox Byzantine–Slavic heritage" with their neighbours. About two-thirds of all ethnic Macedonians live in North Macedonia; there are also communities in a number of other countries.
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Bulgarian Exarchate was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.
Todor Aleksandrov Poporushov, best known as Todor Alexandrov, also spelt as Alexandroff, was a Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary, Bulgarian army officer, politician and teacher. He favored initially the annexation of Macedonia to Bulgaria, but later switched to the idea of an Independent Macedonia as a second Bulgarian state on the Balkans. Alexandrov was a member of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (IMARO) and later of the Central Committee of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO).
Karposh's rebellion or Karposh's uprising was a Christian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689 during the Great Turkish War of 1683-1699. Karposh - the nickname probably derives from the Bulgarian or Macedonian word карпа - the leader of the rebellion, was born in the Sanjak of Üsküp in the then Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, probably in the village of Vojnik, and named Petar. At a very young age, he escaped to Wallachia, where he worked as a miner. Later, Karposh moved to the Rhodope Mountains, where he settled in the Dospat valley, becoming a notorious hajduk. After the army of the Holy Roman Empire advanced into the Ottoman Balkans, Karposh moved to the area of Znepole, and began to organise anti-Ottoman resistance-detachments there.
Yane Sandanski was a Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary. He is recognized as a national hero in both Bulgaria and North Macedonia.
The name Macedonia is used in a number of competing or overlapping meanings to describe geographical, political and historical areas, languages and peoples in a part of south-eastern Europe. It has been a major source of political controversy since the early 20th century. The situation is complicated because different ethnic groups use different terminology for the same entity, or the same terminology for different entities, with different political connotations.
The history of the Jews in North Macedonia stretches back two thousand years, beginning during Roman antiquity, when Jews first arrived in the region. Today, following the Holocaust and emigration, especially to Israel, around 200 Jews remain in North Macedonia, mostly in the capital, Skopje and a few in Štip and Bitola.
The Serbs are one of the constitutional ethnic groups of North Macedonia, numbering about 24,000 inhabitants.
Macedonian nationalism is a general grouping of nationalist ideas and concepts among ethnic Macedonians that were first formed in the late 19th century among separatists seeking the autonomy of the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. The idea evolved during the early 20th century alongside the first expressions of ethnic nationalism among the Slavs of Macedonia. The separate Macedonian nation gained recognition during World War II when the Socialist Republic of Macedonia was created as part of Yugoslavia. Macedonian historiography has since established links between the ethnic Macedonians and various historical events and individual figures that occurred in and originated from Macedonia, which range from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century. Following the independence of the Republic of Macedonia in the late 20th century, issues of Macedonian national identity have become contested by the country's neighbours, as some adherents to aggressive Macedonian nationalism, called Macedonism, hold more extreme beliefs such as an unbroken continuity between ancient Macedonians, and modern ethnic Macedonians, and views connected to the irredentist concept of a United Macedonia, which involves territorial claims on a large portion of Greece and Bulgaria, along with smaller regions of Albania, Kosovo and Serbia.
Macedonian Americans are Americans of ethnic Macedonian heritage.
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe. It shares land borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo to the northwest and Serbia to the north. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's population of 1.83 million. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Roma, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians and a few other minorities.
Makrochori, is a village of Kastoria regional unit in Western Macedonia, Greece.
North Macedonia was part of the Ottoman Empire for over 500 years, from the late 14th century until the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913. Before its conquest, this area was divided between various Serbian feudal principalities. Later, it became part of the Ottoman province or Eyalet of Rumelia. The name Rumelia means "Land of the Romans" in Turkish, referring to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Turks from the Byzantine Empire.
Bulgarian Folk Songs is a collection of folk songs and traditions from the then Ottoman Empire, especially from the region of Macedonia, but also from Shopluk and Srednogorie, by the Miladinov brothers, published in 1861. The Miladinovs' collection is the greatest single work in the history of Bulgarian folklore studies and has been republished many times. The collection is also considered to have played an important role by the historiography in North Macedonia.
Historiography in North Macedonia is the methodology of historical studies developed and employed by Macedonian historians. It traces its origins to 1945, when SR Macedonia became part of Yugoslavia. According to German historian Stefan Troebst, it has preserved nearly the same agenda as Marxist historiography from the times of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The generation of Macedonian historians closely associated with the Yugoslav period, who were instrumental in establishing national historical narratives, still exerts an influence on modern-day institutions. In the field of historiography, communism and Macedonian nationalism are closely related. After the Fall of communism, Macedonian historiography did not significantly revise its communist past, because of the key role played by communist policies in establishing a distinct Macedonian nation.
References
↑ Delphos_Daily_Herald, 1903 The 1903 St. Elijas Uprising
America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I, Sean Dennis Cashman, NYU Press, 1988, ISBN0814714110, p. 184.
Culture and history of the Bulgarian people, their Bulgarian and American parallels, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 1981, Walter W. Kolar, p. 133.
"While I am not a whole American, neither am I what I was when I first landed here; that is, a Bulgarian.... I have outwardly and inwardly deviated so much from a Bulgarian that when recently visiting in that country I felt like a foreigner.... In Bulgaria I am not wholly a Bulgarian; in the United States not wholly an American." Stoyan Christowe in 1919, cited in Ellis Island: An Illustrated History of the Immigrant Experience, edited by Ivan Chermayeff et al. (New York: Macmillan, 1991), ISBN0025844415, p. 74.
This is my country, autobiography by Stoyan Christowe, Carrick & Evans, 1938, p. 262: Thought born a Bulgarian, I had never before been in Bulgaria proper, having come directly to America from Macedonia.
Para una tipología del exilio literario sudeslavo. Francisco Javier, Departamento de Filología Románica, Filología Eslava y Lingüística General, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: "born in Bulgarian village near Salonica,... after 1944 he was attracted by Tito's postwar Macedonism". p. 179.
Salvation abroad, Macedonian migration to North America and the making of modern Macedonia, 1870-1970, Gregory Michaelidis, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005, p.16: Coming initially as a sojourner following other men from his native village of Konomladi, Christowe saw himself, alternately, as both Macedonian and Bulgarian, a common phenomenon among early-century migrants. His passage from discombobulated newcomer, to hyphenated-American, to articulate chronicler of the migrant’s experience, offers an exquisite primary source that changes over the thirty years of his writing.
Selected works of Stoyan Christowe were published on Macedonian language in 1985, when he has given his approval to the editors, all the passages related to him and containing the identification Bulgarian to be replaced with Macedonian. Џукески, Александар: Стојан Христов во одбрана на македонскиот литературен јазик. Избор од емитуваните содржини на Третата програма на Радио Скопје. 1985, стр. 75 - 81. (Stoyan Christowe in defense of the Macedonian Literary Language, A selection of broadcasts on MKRadio, Channel 3, Skopje 1985. Pg.75-81)
↑ Dimitar Bechev (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia (2nded.). Rowman & Littlefield. p.70. ISBN9781538119624.
1 2 Elliott Robert Barkan (2013). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p.1115. ISBN9781598842197.
↑ Christowe's resignation stirs the area, Brattleboro Reformer, April 1972
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
