Howrah is an important city of Kolkata Metropolis in the Indian state of West Bengal. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River, opposite its twin city of Kolkata. Administratively Howrah city lies within Howrah district and is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision. Howrah city also falls under Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. Howrah station is an famous transportation hub and also a gateway to Kolkata’s oldest CBD viia Kolkata Metro Rail’s Green line and Howrah Bridge. Howrah Rail Junction is the largest railway station of India and it is extensively connected to every part of India.
The chief instrument through which judicial activism has flourished in India is public interest litigation (PIL) or social action litigation (SAL). It refers to litigation undertaken to secure public interest and demonstrates the availability of justice to socially-disadvantaged parties and was introduced by Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer. It is a relaxation on the traditional rule of locus standi. Before 1980s the judiciary and the Supreme Court of India entertained litigation only from parties affected directly or indirectly by the defendant. It heard and decided cases only under its original and appellate jurisdictions. However, the Supreme Court began permitting cases on the grounds of public interest litigation, which means that even people who are not directly involved in the case may bring matters of public interest to the court. It is the court's privilege to entertain the application for the PIL.
The High Court of Karnataka is the High Court of the Indian state of Karnataka and thus its highest judicial authority. The court's principal bench is located in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka, with additional benches in Hubballi-Dharwada and Kalaburagi. It was previously called the High Court of Mysore. In Bengaluru, the High Court functions out of a red-painted brick building known as the Attara Kacheri, located opposite the Vidhana Soudha, the seat of the Karnataka Legislature.
The Kolkata Police is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement and crime prevention within the metropolitan area of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal. It is one of the two primary police forces in West Bengal, the other being the West Bengal Police.
Rabindra Sarobar is an artificial lake, garden and park in South Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. The name also refers to the area surrounding the lake. It is flanked by Southern Avenue to the north, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Road to the west, Dhakuria to the east and the Kolkata Suburban Railway tracks to the south.
Uluberia is a city and a municipal area of Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarter of the Uluberia subdivision. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). This city is famous for its industrial belts.
The East Kolkata Wetlands, are a complex of natural and human-made wetlands lying east of the city of Calcutta (Kolkata), of West Bengal in India. The wetlands cover 125 square kilometres and include salt marshes, and agricultural fields, sewage farms and settling ponds. The wetlands are also used to treat Kolkata's sewage, and the nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture.
The Goa Foundation is an Indian environmental action group. One of the best known in Goa, it was founded in 1986 by a group of Goan environmentalists each fighting individual environmental battles, the organisation today holds influence with the judiciary, government and the general public, having persisted with its environmental agenda for nearly two decades.
Environment policies of the Government of India include legislations related to environment.
Hawkers in Kolkata numbering 275,000 generated business worth ₹ 87.72 billion in 2005. In Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, in the Indian state of West Bengal, almost 80 per cent of the pavements are encroached by hawkers and illegal settlers. In many countries, hawkers use pavements or other public places to retail their goods or services but in Kolkata the magnitude has drawn special attention of administrators and law courts.
The Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology, also known as SANE, is an environmental organization based in the city of Port Blair, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It was formed for the preservation of the Andaman ecosystem.
Awaaz Foundation is a charitable trust and non-governmental organisation in Mumbai, India which builds awareness, carries out advocacy, and is involved in educational projects to protect the environment and prevent environmental pollution. It has impacted many important decisions by the government and influenced policy making in important environmental matters in India. The beneficiaries of the Foundation are the citizens of India at large.
A private attorney general or public interest lawyer is an informal term originating in common law jurisdictions for a private attorney who brings a lawsuit claiming it to be in the public interest, i.e., benefiting the general public and not just the plaintiff, on behalf of a citizen or group of citizens. The attorney may, at the equitable discretion of the court, be entitled to recover attorney's fees if they prevail. The rationale behind this principle is to provide extra incentive to private attorneys to pursue suits that may be of benefit to society at large. Private attorney general suits are commonly, though not always, brought as class actions in jurisdictions that permit the certification of class action lawsuits.
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables the creation of a special tribunal for the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. It draws inspiration from Article 21 of India's constitution, on the protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. This Act serves as the basis for the establishment of the National Green Tribunal (NGT).
The 42 is a residential skyscraper in Kolkata, in the state of West Bengal, India. It is located on Chowringhee Road, the central business district of the city, between the commercial building of Tata Centre and the residential building of Jeevan Sudha. It was first proposed in 2008 but construction was delayed for nearly two years. The construction was completed in 2019, making it the tallest building in the country at that time.
Vanashakti is a non-profit environmental NGO based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was formed in 2006, by Meenakshi Menon, Namita Roy Ghose, and Peter Armand Menon. Vanashakti aims to conserve the forests, wetlands, wildlife corridors, habitats, through education and litigation to achieve its objectives of creating awareness about environmental topics, protecting and reviving rivers and preventing opencast mining in areas that are well-endowed with biodiversity. It also directs its efforts in involving local forest-dwelling communities to protect the biodiversity of the region and provides sustainable livelihood options for forest dependent and coastal communities. Vanashakti's thrust areas are forest, mangrove and wetland protection, environmental education for both urban and rural schools, livelihoods for forest based communities and scientific investigation into local environmental degradation.
Poovulagin Nanbargal is an environmental organisation based in Tamil Nadu, India. It spearheaded a legal battle against Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.
Indian environmental law concerns the law and policy of India concerning the protection of the environment, measures taken to reverse climate change and achieve a zero carbon economy.
Aditya Dubey is an Indian environmental activist. He is a recipient of the Diana Award in 2021. In August 2020, Dubey filed a petition with the Supreme Court of India, requesting the apex court to help farmers with free stubble-removing machines that could result in reduction in stubble burning which is considered a major cause of air pollution in Delhi. He also reached out to the Chief Ministers of Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, seeking end to fines or police actions for stubble burning.
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a statutory body in India that deals with expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection and other natural resources. It was set up under the National Green Tribunal Act in 2010. India is the third country in the world, after Australia and New Zealand, to set up a statutory body for environmental protection. It's national headquarters is in New Delhi and the regional headquarters of the tribunal are situated in the cities of Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.
