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Smoker's macrophages are alveolar macrophages whose characteristics, including appearance, cellularity, phenotypes, immune response, and other functions, have been affected upon the exposure to cigarettes. These altered immune cells are derived from several signaling pathways and are able to induce numerous respiratory diseases. They are involved in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. Smoker’s macrophages are observed in both firsthand and secondhand smokers, so anyone exposed to cigarette contents, or cigarette smoke extract (CSE), would be susceptible to these macrophages, thus in turns leading to future complications.
References
- ↑ Boron W, Boulpaep E (2012). Medical Physiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
- ↑ Condon JC, Jeyasuria P, Faust JM, Mendelson CR (April 2004). "Surfactant protein secreted by the maturing mouse fetal lung acts as a hormone that signals the initiation of parturition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (14): 4978–83. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.4978C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401124101 . JSTOR 3371804. PMC 387359 . PMID 15044702.
- ↑ Lee DC, Romero R, Kim CJ, Chaiworapongsa T, Tarca AL, Lee J, Suh YL, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Mittal P, Draghici S, Erez O, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS, Kim JS (June 2010). "Surfactant protein-A as an anti-inflammatory component in the amnion: implications for human pregnancy". Journal of Immunology. 184 (11): 6479–91. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903867. PMC 3103775 . PMID 20439915.
- ↑ LeVine AM, Bruno MD, Huelsman KM, Ross GF, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR (May 1997). "Surfactant protein A-deficient mice are susceptible to group B streptococcal infection". Journal of Immunology. 158 (9): 4336–40. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.9.4336 . PMID 9126996.
- ↑ LeVine AM, Kurak KE, Bruno MD, Stark JM, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR (October 1998). "Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice are susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 19 (4): 700–8. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.3254. PMID 9761768.
- ↑ van Iwaarden F, Welmers B, Verhoef J, Haagsman HP, van Golde LM (January 1990). "Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb/2.1.91. PMID 2306370.
- ↑ Haagsman HP, Diemel RV (May 2001). "Surfactant-associated proteins: functions and structural variation". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 129 (1): 91–108. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00308-7. PMID 11369536.
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