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The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus,but a few cell types,such as mammalian red blood cells,have no nuclei,and a few others including osteoclasts have many. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope,a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm;and the nuclear matrix,a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support.
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments,or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include:the nuclear membrane,the endoplasmic reticulum,the Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,vesicles,endosomes,and plasma (cell) membrane among others. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that forms a single functional and developmental unit,either being connected directly,or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly,the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of plastids or mitochondria,but might have evolved partially from the actions of the latter.
A nuclear pore is a channel as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC),a large protein complex found in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope (NE) surrounds the cell nucleus containing DNA and facilitates the selective membrane transport of various molecules.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle,different intracellular membranes,the plasma membrane,or to the exterior of the cell via secretion. Information contained in the protein itself directs this delivery process. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell;errors or dysfunction in sorting have been linked to multiple diseases.
Telophase is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase,the effects of prophase and prometaphase are reversed. As chromosomes reach the cell poles,a nuclear envelope is re-assembled around each set of chromatids,the nucleoli reappear,and chromosomes begin to decondense back into the expanded chromatin that is present during interphase. The mitotic spindle is disassembled and remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized. Telophase accounts for approximately 2% of the cell cycle's duration.
A nuclear localization signalorsequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically,this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized proteins may share the same NLS. An NLS has the opposite function of a nuclear export signal (NES),which targets proteins out of the nucleus.
The intermembrane space (IMS) is the space occurring between or involving two or more membranes. In cell biology,it is most commonly described as the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. It also refers to the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes of the nuclear envelope,but is often called the perinuclear space. The IMS of mitochondria plays a crucial role in coordinating a variety of cellular activities,such as regulation of respiration and metabolic functions. Unlike the IMS of the mitochondria,the IMS of the chloroplast does not seem to have any obvious function.
Peter Walter is a German-American molecular biologist and biochemist. He is currently the Director of the Bay Area Institute of Science at Altos Labs and an emeritus professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF). He was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Investigator until 2022.
Importin is a type of karyopherin that transports protein molecules from the cell's cytoplasm to the nucleus. It does so by binding to specific recognition sequences,called nuclear localization sequences (NLS).
An alpha solenoid is a protein fold composed of repeating alpha helix subunits,commonly helix-turn-helix motifs,arranged in antiparallel fashion to form a superhelix. Alpha solenoids are known for their flexibility and plasticity. Like beta propellers,alpha solenoids are a form of solenoid protein domain commonly found in the proteins comprising the nuclear pore complex. They are also common in membrane coat proteins known as coatomers,such as clathrin,and in regulatory proteins that form extensive protein-protein interactions with their binding partners. Examples of alpha solenoid structures binding RNA and lipids have also been described.
Nuclear transport refers to the mechanisms by which molecules move across the nuclear membrane of a cell. The entry and exit of large molecules from the cell nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation,macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association with transport factors known as nuclear transport receptors,like karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit.
The nuclear envelope,also known as the nuclear membrane,is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus,which encloses the genetic material.
Nucleoporins are a family of proteins which are the constituent building blocks of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure embedded in the nuclear envelope at sites where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse,forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores enable the passive and facilitated transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope. Nucleoporins,a family of around 30 proteins,are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. Nucleoporin 62 is the most abundant member of this family. Nucleoporins are able to transport molecules across the nuclear envelope at a very high rate. A single NPC is able to transport 60,000 protein molecules across the nuclear envelope every minute.
Nucleoporin 107 (Nup107) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP107 gene.
Nuclear pore complex protein Nup133,or Nucleoporin Nup133,is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP133 gene.
Nucleoporin 85 (Nup85) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP85 gene.
Nucleoporin 155 (Nup155) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP155 gene.
Inner nuclear membrane proteins are membrane proteins that are embedded in or associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. There are about 60 INM proteins,most of which are poorly characterized with respect to structure and function. Among the few well-characterized INM proteins are lamin B receptor (LBR),lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1),lamina-associated polypeptide-2 (LAP2),emerin and MAN1.
Gene gating is a phenomenon by which transcriptionally active genes are brought next to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) so that nascent transcripts can quickly form mature mRNA associated with export factors. Gene gating was first hypothesised by Günter Blobel in 1985. It has been shown to occur in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster as well as mammalian model systems.
Mary C. Dasso is an American biochemist known for research on chromosome segregation and the discovery of Ran GTPase. She is the acting scientific director of the division of intramural research and a senior investigator in the section on cell cycle regulation at the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
References
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- ↑ Adams, RL; Terry, LJ; Wente, SR (6 June 2014). "Nucleoporin FG domains facilitate nRNP remodeling at the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex". Genetics. 197 (4): 1213–1224. doi: 10.1534/genetics.114.164012 . PMC 4125395 . PMID 24931410. S2CID 41387552.
- ↑ Alcazar-Roman, AR; Wente, SR (2 February 2008). "Inositol polyphosphates: a new frontier for regulating gene expression". Chromosoma. 117 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s00412-007-0126-4. PMID 17943301. S2CID 19247248.
- ↑ Suntharalingam, M; Wente, SR (6 June 2003). "Peering through the pore: nuclear pore complex structure, assembly, and function". Developmental Cell. 4 (6): 775–789. doi: 10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00162-x . PMID 12791264.
- ↑ Ryan, KJ; McCaffery, JM; Wente, SR (3 March 2003). "The Ran GTPase cycle is required for yeast nuclear pore complex assembly". The Journal of Cell Biology. 160 (7): 1041–1053. doi:10.1083/jcb.200209116. PMC 2172763 . PMID 12654904.
- ↑ Wente, SR (5 May 2000). "Gatekeepers of the Nucleus". Science. 288 (5470): 1374–1377. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1374W. doi:10.1126/science.288.5470.1374. PMID 10827939.
- ↑ Barry, DM; Wente, SR (2000). "Nuclear transport: never-ending cycles of signals and receptors". Essays in Biochemistry. 36: 89–103. doi:10.1042/bse0360089. PMID 12471905.
- ↑ Robey, EA.; et al. (8 August 1986). "Effect of amino acid substitutions on the catalytic and regulatory properties of aspartate transcarbamoylase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (16): 5934–5938. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.5934R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5934 . PMC 386411 . PMID 3526345.
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