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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow,change,and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children,the field has expanded to include adolescence,adult development,aging,and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking,feeling,and behaviors change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions,which are physical development,cognitive development,and social emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills,executive functions,moral understanding,language acquisition,social change,personality,emotional development,self-concept,and identity formation.
A tantrum,temper tantrum,lash out,meltdown,fit,or hissy fit is an emotional outburst,usually associated with those in emotional distress. It is typically characterized by stubbornness,crying,screaming,violence,defiance,angry ranting,a resistance to attempts at pacification,and,in some cases,hitting and other physically violent behavior. Physical control may be lost;the person may be unable to remain still;and even if the "goal" of the person is met,they may not be calmed. Throwing a temper tantrum can lead to a child getting detention or being suspended from school for older school age children,and can result in a timeout or grounding,complete with room or corner time,at home. A tantrum may be expressed in a tirade:a protracted,angry speech.
Pre-kindergarten is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States,Canada,Turkey and Greece. It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922,normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program,the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program,was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children to succeed in school.
The New York UniversitySteinhardt School of Culture,Education,and Human Development is the education school of New York University. The school was founded as the School of Pedagogy in 1890. Prior to 2001,it was known as the NYU School of Education.
Universal preschool is an international movement supporting the use of public funding to provide preschool education to all families. This movement is focused on promoting a global,rather than local,preschool program. The goal is to provide equity across all socioeconomic backgrounds,enabling children to improve their academic and social skills before they attend kindergarten. Universal preschool,funded by the public,would allow more families to send their children to preschool.
Emotional dysregulation is characterized by an inability flexibly to respond to and manage emotional states,resulting in intense and prolonged emotional reactions that deviate from social norms,given the nature of the environmental stimuli encountered. Such reactions not only deviate from accepted social norms but also surpass what is informally deemed appropriate or proportional to the encountered stimuli.
Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication,self-guidance,and self-regulation of behaviour. It is between the ages of two and seven that children can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible,it is neither intended for nor directed at others. Private speech was first studied by Lev Vygotsky (1934/1986) and Jean Piaget (1959);in the past 30 years private speech has received renewed attention from researchers. Researchers have noted a positive correlation between children's use of private speech and their task performance and achievement,a fact also noted previously by Vygotsky. It is when children begin school that their use of private speech decreases and "goes underground".
The self-regulation of emotion or emotion regulation is the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed. It can also be defined as extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring,evaluating,and modifying emotional reactions. The self-regulation of emotion belongs to the broader set of emotion regulation processes,which includes both the regulation of one's own feelings and the regulation of other people's feelings.
Philip David Zelazo is a developmental psychologist and neuroscientist. His research has helped shape the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience regarding the development of executive function.
Social competence consists of social,emotional,cognitive,and behavioral skills needed for successful social adaptation. Social competence also reflects having the ability to take another's perspective concerning a situation,learn from past experiences,and apply that learning to the changes in social interactions.
Childhood memory refers to memories formed during childhood. Among its other roles,memory functions to guide present behaviour and to predict future outcomes. Memory in childhood is qualitatively and quantitatively different from the memories formed and retrieved in late adolescence and the adult years. Childhood memory research is relatively recent in relation to the study of other types of cognitive processes underpinning behaviour. Understanding the mechanisms by which memories in childhood are encoded and later retrieved has important implications in many areas. Research into childhood memory includes topics such as childhood memory formation and retrieval mechanisms in relation to those in adults,controversies surrounding infantile amnesia and the fact that adults have relatively poor memories of early childhood,the ways in which school environment and family environment influence memory,and the ways in which memory can be improved in childhood to improve overall cognition,performance in school,and well-being,both in childhood and in adulthood.
Amy Gene Halberstadt is an American psychologist specializing in the social development of emotion. She is currently Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh,North Carolina,and is an editor of the journal Social Development.
Darcia Narvaez is a Professor of Psychology Emerita at the University of Notre Dame who has written extensively on issues of character,moral development,and human flourishing.
Kindergarten readiness refers to the developmental domains that contribute to children's ability to adapt to the kindergarten classroom,which is often a new and unfamiliar environment. There is no single agreed upon definition of Kindergarten readiness. The domains often included in the definition comprise:academic skills,social-emotional development,and physical development. In addition to these competencies,the child's environment and opportunities for learning should also be considered. This includes the child's home environment and their interactions with teachers and peers.
Social emotional development represents a specific domain of child development. It is a gradual,integrative process through which children acquire the capacity to understand,experience,express,and manage emotions and to develop meaningful relationships with others. As such,social emotional development encompasses a large range of skills and constructs,including,but not limited to:self-awareness,joint attention,play,theory of mind,self-esteem,emotion regulation,friendships,and identity development.
Adam Winsler is a developmental psychologist known for his research on early child development,private speech,and benefits of arts education. Winsler is Professor of Applied Developmental Psychology at George Mason University.
Margaret R. Burchinal is a quantitative psychologist and statistician known for her research on child care. She is senior research scientist and director of the Data Management and Analysis Center of the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Clarence Bissell Blair Jr. is an American developmental psychologist and Professor of Cognitive Psychology in the Steinhardt School of Culture,Education,and Human Development at New York University. He previously taught at Pennsylvania State University for ten years. He is known for his research on the development of emotional self-regulation in children.
Diane Leslie Hughes is a developmental psychologist known for her research on racial-ethnic socialization,parent-child communication about discrimination and racism,interracial relationships,and the influence of racial ecology on people's experiences in social settings. She is Professor of Applied Psychology at the Steinhardt School of Culture,Education,and Human Development and co-director of the Center for Research on Culture,Development,and Education at New York University.
Daniel Messinger is an American interdisciplinary developmental psychologist,and academic. His research works span the field of developmental psychology with a focus on emotional and social development of children and infants,and the interactive behavior of children in preschool inclusive classroom.
References
- ↑ Tough, Paul (2016-05-21). "Opinion | To Help Kids Thrive, Coach Their Parents (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ↑ "5 researchers who can help us understand how children succeed". PBS NewsHour. 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- ↑ C Cybele Raver: Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training. (2012). American Psychologist, 67(8), 680–681.
- ↑ "C. Cybele Raver". National Academy of Education. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
- ↑ "Order of Exercises at Exhibition," 6 June 1982
- 1 2 C. Cybele Raver: Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training. (2012). The American Psychologist, 67(8), 680–681. doi : 10.1037/a0030120
- 1 2 "C. Cybele Raver | NYU Steinhardt". steinhardt.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
- ↑ Raver, C. C. (1994). Mother-child reciprocity and the development of social competence in two-year-olds (Order No. 9430292). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304116839).
- ↑ "Neuroscience & Education Lab". NYU Langone Health. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- ↑ "Current and Former Scholars". William T. Grant Foundation. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
- ↑ "C Cybele Raver - Grants". neurotree.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- ↑ "Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) | NYU Steinhardt". steinhardt.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
- ↑ Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Metzger, M., Champion, K. M., & Sardin, L. (2008). Improving preschool classroom processes: Preliminary findings from a randomized trial implemented in head start settings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(1), 10-26.
- ↑ Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li‐Grining, C., Zhai, F., Bub, K., & Pressler, E. (2011). CSRP’s impact on low‐income preschoolers’ pre-academic skills: self‐regulation as a mediating mechanism. Child development, 82(1), 362-378.
- ↑ Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Zhai, F., Metzger, M. W., & Solomon, B. (2009). Targeting children’s behavior problems in preschool classrooms: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 302–316.
- ↑ Watts, T., Ibrahim, D., Khader, A., Li, C., Gandhi, J., & Raver, C. (2020). Exploring the Impacts of an Early Childhood Educational Intervention on Later School Selection. Educational Researcher, 49(9), 667-677.
- ↑ Tough, Paul (2016-05-31). "Helping Children Succeed – What Works and Why". Paul Tough. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- ↑ "Neuroscience & Education Lab Research". NYU Langone Health. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
- ↑ Raver, C. C., Blair, C., & Willoughby, M. (2013). Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: New perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 292–304.
- ↑ Blair, C., & Raver, C. (2014). Closing the achievement gap through modification of neurocognitive and neuroendocrine function: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial of an innovative approach to the education of children in kindergarten. PLOS ONE, 9(11), e112393–e112393. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0112393
- ↑ "Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA) | NYU Steinhardt". steinhardt.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ↑ Smith-Donald, R., Raver, C. C., Hayes, T., & Richardson, B. (2007). Preliminary construct and concurrent validity of the Preschool Self-regulation Assessment (PSRA) for field-based research. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(2), 173-187.
- ↑ Raver, C. C., Jones, S. M., Li-Grining, C., Zhai, F., Bub, K., & Pressler, E. (2011). CSRP's Impact on low-income preschoolers' preacademic skills: self-regulation as a mediating mechanism. Child development, 82(1), 362–378. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01561.x
- ↑ "NYU UPK Team | NYU Steinhardt". steinhardt.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-09.