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The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope (BRI) is a not-for-profit medical research facility located at and partnering with the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte,California,United States. It is dedicated to studying normal and abnormal biological processes which may be related to cancer,diabetes,HIV/AIDS and other life-threatening diseases. Both basic and clinical research are carried out in cooperation with the City of Hope National Medical Center. The institute itself is organized into more than 20 departments and divisions. As of 2021,the director is Steven T. Rosen. The Beckman Research Institute also hosts the Irell &Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences whose founding dean was Arthur Riggs.
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART decreases the patient's total burden of HIV,maintains function of the immune system,and prevents opportunistic infections that often lead to death. HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same-sex and opposite-sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load.
The spread of HIV/AIDS has affected millions of people worldwide;AIDS is considered a pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2016 there were 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS,with 1.8 million new HIV infections per year and 1 million deaths due to AIDS. Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS arise from several different sources,from simple ignorance and misunderstandings about scientific knowledge regarding HIV infections and the cause of AIDS to misinformation propagated by individuals and groups with ideological stances that deny a causative relationship between HIV infection and the development of AIDS. Below is a list and explanations of some common misconceptions and their rebuttals.
Post-exposure prophylaxis,also known as post-exposure prevention (PEP),is any preventive medical treatment started after exposure to a pathogen in order to prevent the infection from occurring.
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH),an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand,treat,and prevent infectious,immunologic,and allergic diseases.
Nevirapine (NVP),sold under the brand name Viramune among others,is a medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS,specifically HIV-1. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretroviral medications. It may be used to prevent mother to child spread during birth but is not recommended following other exposures. It is taken by mouth.
The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) is a public academic health science center in Omaha,Nebraska. Founded in 1869 and chartered as a private medical college in 1881,UNMC became part of the University of Nebraska System in 1902. Rapidly expanding in the early 20th century,the university founded a hospital,dental college,pharmacy college,college of nursing,and college of medicine. It later added colleges of public health and allied health professions. One of Omaha's top employers,UNMC has an annual budget of $841.6 million for 2020 to 2021,and an economic impact of $4.8 billion.
Nebraska Medicine,is a private not-for-profit American healthcare company based in Omaha,Nebraska. The company was created as Nebraska Health System (NHS) in 1997,when Bishop Clarkson Hospital merged with the adjacent University Hospital in midtown Omaha. Renamed The Nebraska Medical Center in 2003,in 2014 the company merged with UNMC Physicians and Bellevue Medical Center to become Nebraska Medicine. The company has full ownership of two hospitals and 39 specialty and primary care clinics in and around Omaha,with partial ownership in two rural hospitals and a specialty hospital. Nebraska Medicine's main campus,Nebraska Medicine – Nebraska Medical Center,has 718 beds,while its Bellevue Medical Center campus has 91 beds.
Anita Rachlis,M.D. is a Canadian HIV/AIDS researcher and is the principal author of the HIV treatment guidelines in Canada. She is an associate scientist at the Sunnybrook Research Institute,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre,in Toronto,Ontario,Canada.
HIV/AIDS research includes all medical research that attempts to prevent,treat,or cure HIV/AIDS,as well as fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV.
The co-epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the major global health challenges in the present time. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports 9.2 million new cases of TB in 2006 of whom 7.7% were HIV-infected. Tuberculosis is the most common contagious infection in HIV-Immunocompromised patients leading to death. These diseases act in combination as HIV drives a decline in immunity while tuberculosis progresses due to defective immune status. This condition becomes more severe in case of multi-drug (MDRTB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB),which are difficult to treat and contribute to increased mortality. Tuberculosis can occur at any stage of HIV infection. The risk and severity of tuberculosis increases soon after infection with HIV. A study on gold miners of South Africa revealed that the risk of TB was doubled during the first year after HIV seroconversion. Although tuberculosis can be a relatively early manifestation of HIV infection,it is important to note that the risk of tuberculosis progresses as the CD4 cell count decreases along with the progression of HIV infection. The risk of TB generally remains high in HIV-infected patients,remaining above the background risk of the general population even with effective immune reconstitution and high CD4 cell counts with antiretroviral therapy.
Julio S. G. Montaner,is an Argentine-Canadian physician,professor and researcher. He is the director of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS,the chair in AIDS Research and head of the Division of AIDS in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and the past-president of the International AIDS Society. He is also the director of the John Ruedy Immunodeficiency Clinic,and the Physician Program Director for HIV/AIDS PHC. He is known for his work on HAART,a role in the discovery of triple therapy as an effective treatment for HIV in the late 1990s,and a role in advocating the "Treatment as Prevention" Strategy in the mid-2000s,led by Myron Cohen of the HPTN 052 trial.
HIV in pregnancy is the presence of an HIV/AIDS infection in a woman while she is pregnant. There is a risk of HIV transmission from mother to child in three primary situations:pregnancy,childbirth,and while breastfeeding. This topic is important because the risk of viral transmission can be significantly reduced with appropriate medical intervention,and without treatment HIV/AIDS can cause significant illness and death in both the mother and child. This is exemplified by data from The Centers for Disease Control (CDC):In the United States and Puerto Rico between the years of 2014–2017,where prenatal care is generally accessible,there were 10,257 infants in the United States and Puerto Rico who were exposed to a maternal HIV infection in utero who did not become infected and 244 exposed infants who did become infected.
Diane Havlir is an American physician who is a Professor of Medicine and Chief of the HIV/AIDS Division at the University of California,San Francisco. Her research considers novel therapeutic strategies to improve the lives of people with HIV and to support public health initiatives in East Africa. She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2019.
Annie F. Luetkemeyer is an American physician and researcher who is Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases at the University of California,San Francisco. She specializes in infectious diseases,in particular tuberculosis,human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis. During the COVID-19 pandemic Luetkemeyer led a clinical trial of remdesivir. She has also researched treatment of COVID-19 as a co-infection with HIV.
Jeanne Marisa Marrazzo is an American physician-scientist and infectious diseases specialist. She was the director of the University of Alabama School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and focused on prevention of HIV infection using biomedical interventions. Marrazzo is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and Infectious Disease Society of America. On August 2,2023 Lawrence A. Tabak,acting director for the National Institutes of Health (NIH),named Jeanne M. Marrazzo as director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Georgette D. Kanmogne is a Cameroonian American geneticist and molecular virologist and a full professor and vice chair for resource allocation and faculty development within the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha,Nebraska. Kanmogne's research program focuses on exploring the pathogenesis of neuroAIDS by deciphering the mechanisms underlying blood brain barrier dysfunction and viral entry into the central nervous system. Her research also addresses the lack of HIV therapies that cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and has played a critical role in the development of nanoparticles encapsulating HIV-drugs that can cross the BBB to prevent viral-mediated neuron death in the brain. Kanmogne collaborates with clinical and basic researchers across America,Cameroon,and West Africa,spanning disciplines from hematology to psychiatry,to explore how viral genetic diversity is correlated with the neurological impact of HIV.
Charles Williams Flexner is an American physician,clinical pharmaceutical scientist,academic,author and researcher. He is a Professor of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Howard E. Gendelman is an American physician-scientist whose research intersects the disciplines of neuroimmunology,pharmacology,and infectious diseases. Gendelman was born in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania. His research is focused on harnessing immune responses for therapeutic gain in HIV/AIDS and Neurodegenerative disease. He is the Margaret R. Larson Professor of infectious diseases and internal medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) in Omaha.
Judith Aberg is an American physician who is the George Baehr Professor of Clinical Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital. She was appointed Dean of System Operations for Clinical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Her research considered infectious diseases,including HIV/AIDS and COVID-19.
References
- ↑ "Susan Swindells, M. D." antimicrobe.org. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "Susan Swindells, M.B.B.S., is 14th Scientist Laureate". unmc.edu. January 21, 2020. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "AIDS Cases Down 20 Percent In Nebraska". The Alliance Times-Herald. January 8, 1999. Retrieved January 11, 2021– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Medical Center gets three-year $250,000 grant for HIV services". The Schuyler Sun. April 29, 1999. Retrieved January 11, 2021– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Study shows promise for simplified AIDS therapy". The Journal. August 17, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2021– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "UNMC opens new specialty care center for patients with HIV". The Schuyler Sun. June 5, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2021– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "UNMC HIV study deemed Science journal's scientific breakthrough of 2011". Nebraska City News-Press. January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "SUSAN SWINDELLS, M.B.B.S., ASSUMES NEW LEADERSHIP ROLES". umnc.com. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ Riviere Marcelin, Jasmine (July 15, 2019). "Dr. Susan Swindells to lead new TB prevention clinical trial". blog.unmc.edu. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ Anderson, Julie (April 22, 2010). "Dr. Anthony Fauci recruits UNMC researcher to serve on COVID-19 panel". Omaha. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ Turner, Jeff (2020). "UNMC Professor on National Board for Coronavirus Guidelines". noiseomaha.com. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Panel Roster". COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Retrieved 2022-05-17.